ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™: ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื. ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืช

ืื™ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืจืื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืœื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ? ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขื•ืžืจ ื ื•ื“ืœืžืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช. ื›ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ

ืืžืฉ ื ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ITM, ื•ืขื“ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืคื•ืง ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื”. ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื’ื ื˜ื” ืืœื™ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื•ืจื“ืจื“ื”, ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื ืฆื ืฆื™ื ื•ืงืืจื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘. ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื”? ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืืœ ื“ืื’ื”

ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื’ืจื™ืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—, ื•ืœืืจื•ื– ืžืœืชื—ื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื‘ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ืงื™ืง, ื—ื–ื™ื™ืช ืชื—ืจื” ื•ืฉืžืœื” ืขื ื’ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ. ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช

ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืคืจื’ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ืจืžื” ื’'ื•ื•ืื“ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ื—ืกืจ ืœื” ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื”ืจืŸ ืžืžื“ืื ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืืฉืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ - ื•ืœื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ. "ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื—ื–ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ืขื ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 630 ื“ื•ืœืจ", ืฆืงืฆืงื• ื”ืฆื™ื™ืฆื ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืœื‘ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืกืจื™ื’ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื•ื”ื–ื•ืœ ืฉืœื‘ืฉื”. ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืžื™ืœืื ื•, ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืจื™ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื™ืชื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืง ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื˜ืก ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘

ืื—ืจื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืกื•ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื” ื•ืžืขืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ืžื“ื•ืจื•, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉืœืคืจืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”. ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื™ืจื˜ ืฉืœื‘ืฉ ืžื“ื•ืจื• ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื ื™ื™ืงื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ื

ื”ื ืืžื ื ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ื—ื•ืจืคื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืื• ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”: ื”ืคืขื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืืกื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ืขื ืืคืงื˜ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ืฉืžืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืœื•ืง ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช, ืื– ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฉืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื“

ืขื ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื•ืง ื•ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื, ื•ืชื•ืืจ "ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื•ืงืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื”" ืฉืœ mako - ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืจืืฉ ืœืคื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื™ ื˜ื•ืœื“ื ื• ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•, ื•ืื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื•

ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช, ืขืฆืจื” ืจื•ืกืœื ื” ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื” ืœืกื›ื, ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื”ืœื•ืง ืžื›ืœ ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืื•ื‘ืจื•ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ืงืฆืจืฆืจ ื•ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื” ืื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื–ื”, ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืกืงืกื™ืช ืœื˜ืืฅ' ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื ืก, ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ืžื’ืคื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืื– ื–ืจืงื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ืก ืฉื’ื ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื”: ืžืขื™ืœ ื˜ืจื ืฅ' ืืจื•ืš ืžื–ืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื ืขืžื•ืง. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฆืคื•ื™, ื”ืคืขื ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžื•ืชื’ ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืืžื ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื–ื•ืœ ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”

ืกืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืžืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ืฉืฉืชืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืคืชื™ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื“ืจืžื•-ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ Gallinee ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 514 ืฉืงืœื™ื

ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืืจึพืึพืœืื’ื•. ื’ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข, ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”: ืœืกื ื•ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืฉืžืœื” ื›ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”

ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉืœ "ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืœืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืขื ืกื•ื•ื“ืจ ืžืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ืฆื ืฅ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื ืคืจื™ื˜ ืžื—ืžื. ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืืœื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืงื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืขื ื—ืฆืื™ืช ื•ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืžืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืš, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช, ืขื•ื˜ืคืช ื•ื›ื™ืคื™ืช

ืžืขื™ืœ ืคืจื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืงื•ืจื”, ืกืจื™ื’ ื•ืจื•ื“ ืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืœ, ื’ืจื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื“ืจื’ื• ื›ืœ ืœื•ืง, ื’'ื™ื ืก ืกื•ืคืจ ืžื—ืžื™ื ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืื™ืฉื” ืขื ื˜ืขื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืกืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื•ืขื˜, ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืคื™ื™ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉื ื”. ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืคื™ื ื’

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื” ื’ื ื›ืฉืงืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ: ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืœื™ื ื’, ื”ืคืจื•ื•ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื’ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืžืจื™ืจื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ื‘-4,000 ืฉืงืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื