ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”ืื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืจืœืก

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆืžื“ื™ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช - ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ืช. ื ื˜ืข ื’ืจื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ืชื” ื‘ืช ื”-19, ืœื ื™ ืจื•ื˜, ืกื™ืคืงื• ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ื•ืฆืฅ, ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื™ื˜-ื’ื™ืจืœ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื“ืืจ

ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืœืชื—ื” ืฉืœื” ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื•. ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ืช ืœื’ืœืื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืขื ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืฉืžืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืœื•ืงื™ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“, ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืก ื•ืื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ื”, ืกื™ืคืงื” ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœืžื” ืฉืžื—ื›ื” ืœื ื•

ืœื•ื‘ื™ืกื” ืคื•ืจื•ืก ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”, ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ - ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื ื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื•ื ืช. ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื’ื ืžืืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” - ื”ืกื•ืคืจืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื™ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืจืงื•

ื ื•ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื• ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ืืจื™ืง ื–ืื‘ื™ ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืกืชืžื ืช ื›ืจื’ืข ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืกืงืจื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืจืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ืช ื‘ืช ื”- 17 ืฉืžืชื‘ืœื˜ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืืชืœื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžืกืžื ืช ื›ืขืช ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืฉื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘

ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืคืชื— ืœื” ื›ืžื” ื“ืœืชื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 17 ืงืื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคืงื” ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช. ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื ืขืžื™ ื•ื•ื˜ืก ื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ืขื“ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฆื˜ืœืžืช ืœืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืฉื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื•ืœื ืžืคื—ื“ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื

ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื ื‘ืœ ืืœื“ืŸ ืกื‘ื‘ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืงืจื ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืค ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ืืœื“ืŸ ื—ื˜ืคื” ืืฉ ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื ืฉืืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช. ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืจืง ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืจื•ืŸ ืžืœื ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืคืจื–ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœ ืกืงื™ืžืก? ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื•, ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘

ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืกืจื˜ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ โ€“ "ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”", ื•ืžื ืฆืœืช ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื•ืžืื–'ื™ื ืœืœื•ืงื™ื ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ื”-2000 ื•ื”-90. ืฉืžืœืช ืžืฉื™ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื ื™ ืขื ื–'ืงื˜ ืฉืžืจืคืจืจื™ื ืœื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ื’ืจื ืจ, ืฉืžืœื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช "ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืจืช ื•ืคื™ืก ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ ืžืจืคื™. ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื”

ืขื ื’ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืคืœืžื•ืช, ืžืจืœื• ืกื˜ืืจื™ื“ื’' ืžืกืชืžื ืช ื›ื™ื•ืจืฉืช ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื”. ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืคืจืžื™ื™ืจื” ื ื•ืฆืฆืช ืขื ืืžื” - ืกื™ื™ื ื” ืžื™ืœืจ - ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’', ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืกืœื™ืค ื•ื ืขืœื™ ืžื™ื• ืžื™ื•, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืื—ื“ ืžืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื–

ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืœื™ ื˜ื”ืจื™, ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืžืฆื•ืœืžืช ืœืฆื“ ื™ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื•ืœืจื’ืข ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื”. ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉื›ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืช ื”- 20, ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืงืืจื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืœื•ืื• ืœืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื›"ืื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ" โ€“ ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืจืง ื ืœืš ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืืคืจืช ืืœืžืœื™ื— ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ืช ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”-Y2K, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžื‘ื•ื™ ื•ืงืฆืช ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืคืš ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืืจื”. ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”

ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืงืก ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ืื›ื˜ื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ืขื ืืžื”, ืื—ื•ืชื” ื•ืื‘ื ืฉืœื”, ื•ืื– ืชื•ืขื“ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ืคืœืก. ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืจื’ืข ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื•ืืฃ ืื™ืงื•ื ื™, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืจื”"ื‘

ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ื ืžืจื” ืžืžื™ื ืกืง", ื•ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ืืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื˜ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื. ืืจื™ื ื” ืกื‘ืœื ืงื”, ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•-ืืก ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ืคืชื— ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชืžืŸ ื’ื ื›ื”ืฉืจืืช ืื•ืคื ื” ืœื ืงื˜ื ื” - ืขื ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื’ืจืฉ

ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžืฉืš ืืœื™ื• ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”. ืžืงื•ื“ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื ืขื“ืจ ืืžื ื ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื“ืจืžื”: ืžืื™ื” ื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื ืชื ื” ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื“ื ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื ืฆืฆื” ื‘ืคืื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืื™ื” ืงื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืžื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื•ืจื•ื“ ืœื•ื”ื˜. ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืคืกืคืก

ืกื™ื™ื ื” ืกืคื™ืจื• ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืชืžื ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืœื™ื™ื ืจ ื—ืชื•ืœื™, ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ืคื•ื— ื•ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืœืคื• ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืจื˜ืจื•ืื™ืช ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืฉื™ - ื•ืžืกืคืจืช ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืขื–ืจื” ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ื–

ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืœื ื ืจื’ืข ืžื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืช 20, ืฉืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช-ืขืœ. ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื”, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืขืœืคื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืคื™ ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื–ื™ ืคืจืื™ ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ืœื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก , ื•ืฉืžื—ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื’ื ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื