ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช FF

ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’', ืฉืžืขืกื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืกืœื‘ืก ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื” ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื˜ ื’ืืœื” ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื’ื ืืช ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืืคื˜ืจ-ืคืืจื˜ื™ ื”"ืงืœื™ืœื™ื" ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืงื ื“ืœ ื’'ื ืจ ื•ืืžื™ืœื™ ืจื˜ืื™ื™ืงื•ืืกืงื™ ืคื ื• ืœืžืืกื˜ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืœืคื• ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–'ื™ื‘ื ืฉื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืช ื”ืžืชืœื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืฃ ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืžืœื” ืฉื ื™ื”. ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืช

ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื›ืžื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื•ื™ ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžืจืื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ ื•ืงืœืืกื™. ืžื” ืฉืชืคืก ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืขื ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืœื‘ ื™ืจื•ืง ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆืช ืื‘ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ืง

ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืื™ืจื— ืืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ ื’ืืœื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช, ื•ืœืจื’ืข ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืฉืœ "ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื•ืช ื ืจื“ืžื•ืช: ืื•ืคื ื” ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช", ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืฉื• ื”ื•ื˜ ืงื•ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื’ื“ื”. ืงื ื“ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™, ืงื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื•ื“ืžื™ ืžื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืœืกืช

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืชืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ ื’ืืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื– - ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื ืจืื” ืฉื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ืœื•ืคื– ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ืขืœ ืฉื "ืฆ. ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืช ื”-54 ืžื ืฆืœืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ืงื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืจืง ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉืง ืœืขื•ื“

ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื•ื ืงื” ื˜ืจืืžืค ื’ื•ืจืจืช, ื›ืฆืคื•ื™, ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ืืš ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืงืช ืžื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงืœื—ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ื ืœื•ื”ื˜

ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืืจื—ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืดื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸืด ืขื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืคืจื•ืคืณ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืง, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืืฉืชื• ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืชื ืกืœืข, ืœื‘ืฉื” ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืžื›ื•ืคืชืจืช ืžื‘ื“ ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืง ื•ืกืจื˜ ืงืฉื™ืจื”. ืœื ืงืœ ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื™ืชืจื”

ืืฃ ืืชื’ืจ ืœื ื—ื•ืžืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™. ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืคืขื: ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื’ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืจืขื ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืžืกืคืง ืžืจืื” ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ื—ืœืง. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืžื“ื™

ืขื•ืžืจ ืื“ื ื•ื™ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื˜ืกื• ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ืืจื–ื” ืื™ืชื” ืžืฆืื ื• ืœื•ืง ื”ื•ืจืก ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืžืงืกื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ื›ืชื•ื-ืœื‘ืŸ-ื™ืจื•ืง, ืขื ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืงืจื•ืค ื‘ื’ื•ื ื™ ื›ืชื•ื-ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื•ื. ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ืคืœืžื ืงื• ื”ื•ืจืกืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“

ืืชื’ืจ Asoka ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื•ืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื“ืŸ ืคื™ื ืก ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื”. ื‘ืื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ืœืฃ, ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฆืจืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืงืจื™ืฆื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื

ืฉืžื ื• ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื™ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื›ื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืคืชื—, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืจ ืื“ื. ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ืœื‘ืฉื” ื™ืขืœ ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•

ืืœื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืื™ืžื ืื™ืœื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื™ื—ื“ ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ื”ืจืื• ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืงื–'ื•ืืœ ืœื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื•. ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื• ืขืœ ื’'ื™ื ืกื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืื™ื ืžืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืื“ ื™ืงืจื™ื. ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ืจื˜ ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ื– ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืค ืคืกื™ื ื—ืชื•ืš ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ

ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขื‘ืจ ืžืื– ืฉื™ ืœื™ ืขื•ืคืจื™ ื•ืฉื ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ืงืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“ ื‘ื™ืจื— ื“ื‘ืฉ ื›ืฉืฉื™ ืœื™ ืžืฉืชื–ืคืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ืจืก ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื’ื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™, ืงื™ื˜ืฉื™ (ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื‘) ืฉื—ื•ื’ื’ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ืื”ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื™ืงืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืขื ื˜ืขื. ื‘ืจ ืจืคืืœื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื ืžื•ืš ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืชืจื’ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืคื ื˜ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœ-ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ ืขืœ, ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžืจืขื ื ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื”

ื‘ื™ืื ืงื” ืกื ืกื•ืจื™, ืืฉืชื• ื•ื”"ืžื•ื–ื”" ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื” ื•ื•ืกื˜, ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคืงื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืจืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื - ืขื“ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื "ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืงื™ื". ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชื”ืคืš, ื•ื›ืฉืงื™ื ืงืจื“ืฉื™ืืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ื›ื™ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื” (ื˜ื™ื™ืฅ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขืงื‘ื™ื, ืกื™ื ืจ ืขื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื”ื›ืœ), ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืชืงื”

ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ - ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืฉืจืช ื ืืžื ื” ื›ืœ ืžืœืชื—ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“, ื•ื”ื”ืฆืฆื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืฉืœื—ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืžืžืฆื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“