ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช FF

ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื ื” ืœื’ื•ืฆ'ื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ืง ืžืžื–ืจื™: ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืืœ 1997 - ืขื ื›ืžื” ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ื’ืจืกื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื - ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืก ื‘ืช ื”-52 ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืฉืœืคื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ื’ื• ื”-G ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืกืงืกื™

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื– ื•ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืื ื• ืจื•ื ืืœื“ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฆ'ื™ ืฉื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ืžื•ื›ืจืช. ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™, ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” ืœืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื›ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช

ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ืช ืžืกืืกืงืก ื•ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืืจื™ ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืคื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื ืชื™ - ื•ื™ืฉ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœื™ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืงืจืืช ืขืจื‘ ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ืชืคืกื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื• ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืžื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืžืชื "ืก ื™ืจื“ื ื™

ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืœืชื” ื”ืกื•ืคืจืžื•ื“ืœ ืืžื ื ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื‘ืฉื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื”ืœื‘ืฉื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืขื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•: ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืคืจื–ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื‘ื˜ื— ืขื ื”ื’'ื™ื ืก ื”ื›ื”ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ื–ื™ื™ืช ืชื—ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื• ื‘ืคืื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื ื” - ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ ื”ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื” ื”ืื“ื’'ื™ ืฉืฆื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืงืืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ืื•ืคื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืœื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉื ื• ื‘ืคื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ืคื” ืœื”

ื™ืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืื™ืชื ื•. ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืœื ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื•. ืกืคื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ืกืจื•ืจ ืžืฆืื” ื˜ืจื™ืง ืกื•ืคืจ ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ืคื™ืคื”, ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื’ื•ืžื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืงืจืื ืฆ'ื™. ื›ืžื” ืฉืงืœื™ื ื•ืืชื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ ื•ื’ื ืžื•ื‘ืœื™ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ

ืชื›ืฃ ื ื’ืžืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื ื‘ ื‘ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“, ื•ื”ืคื™ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” (ื”ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ืช) ืฉืœื”. ืขื“ ืื–, ื”ืžื’ื”-ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืงื™ื - ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืขื“ ื˜ื•ืค ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื•ื—ืฆืื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”

ื’'ื ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืจ, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื™ืก ืงืœืจื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜, ืจืฉืžื” ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ: ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืžื™ื” ืฉืงื•ืคื” ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉืจืง ื™ื“ื™ื” ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคืชืขื ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื ื™ืงื•ืจ

ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื•ืืฉืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื, ืขื“ืŸ ืคื™ื ืก, ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื” โ€“ ืคื™ื ืก ื‘ืื” ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืžื™ืœืื ื•. ืขื“ืŸ ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื• ืžืœืืš ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืงื•ืคื” ืขื ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื•ืœื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉื ืชืžืš ืจืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืงืฉื™ืจื” ื“ืงื™ื. ื”ืฉื•ืก: ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืคื™ืœื‘ื•ืงืก ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืกื•ืคืจ ื˜ืจื ื“ื™

ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืชืžืจื™ื ืœื™ืขื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืกืงืจืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื™ื” ืงื™ื™ ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ื ืœืคื ืชื™ืื•ืŸ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืคืก ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื• ืกื˜ ืกืจื•ื’ ื•ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืฆื•ืขืง ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜

ื™ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ืจืงื” ืœื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืœืขืจื‘ ื”ื—ื’ ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื›ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ืจืกืช ืขื ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืฆื” ืžืชื—ืช. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืกืžื ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื›ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืืžืฅ

ืœื˜ืงืก ืคืจืกื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฆื™ ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืคืกืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื. ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื›ืš ืฉื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื ืกื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืื– ื”ื—ืœืžืชื”. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉื•ืคืข ืืช ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืžืจืื” ืคื–ื•ืจ ื•ืžืœื ืชืœืชืœื™ื

ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ื ืคืฉื” ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืกื˜ ืžืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื–ื™ื™ืช ืงืืคื™ื, ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ื•ืฆืžื“ ื›ืคืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืชื•ืื. ืœื•ืง ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื ืขืชื™ื“ื ื™ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืคืขื. ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื•ื›ื™ ืืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื•ืง ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื. ืžื™ ืœื‘ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ? ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื›ืŸ

ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืกืžื™ืช'ืกื•ื ื™ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืจืื•ื•ื” ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื” ืœืื•ืกืฃ "ื”ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ืชืจืžื” ืœืื•ืกืฃ ืืช ืฉืžืœืช ื”ื ืฉืฃ ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื‘ืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื‘ืขืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช โ€“ ืฉืžืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ืจื•ื•ื” ืคื™ื™ืจ. ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืข ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื ืกื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ. ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื•ืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ

ื ื™ื ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ื‘ ื˜ืกื” ืœืจื•ืžื ืœืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืกื™ืคืงื” ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืจื’ืขื™ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืง ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช. ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืฉื? ืขื’ื™ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžื ืฆื ืฅ ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื›ื ืกื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืขื•ืจ, ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืชื—ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืžืขื™ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืคืจื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉื’ื ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืœ ื ื™ื ื”