ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช FF

ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ 20 ืฉื ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ืืžืฉ, ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื’ืฉื ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืจื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื•ื’ืจื ืœื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื•ื’ื ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืขื–ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœ, ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืฉื” ืฉืžืœืช ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื ืจืืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ืจืืชื” ืื™ ืคืขื

ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื—ืชื•ื ืžื™ ื™ืฆืื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื—ื’ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืžื™ืืžื™ ื•ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ื‘ืžื™ืืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืฉื’ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืœื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ ื™ื ืฉืœื ืขื ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื›ืกื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื’ืœื™ืฉื”. ืคื™ื™ืจ, ื”ืชื’ืขื’ืขื ื• ืืœื™ื”

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ื•ืขื” ืงื™ืจืœ ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืจืข ื•ืœืื–ืŸ ืขื ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ื›ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื™ื˜ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืžืฉืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•

ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ ืขื•ืคืจื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื“ืขื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช: ื ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™ ื”ืกืชืขืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื›ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืงืŸ ืฉืจืคื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืง ื ื•ืขื– ืžืชืžื™ื“ - ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืจ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช

ื”ืฉืจื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ื ื•ืฆืฆืช ื‘ื” ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื›ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœื•ืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื— โ€“ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš ื•ื™ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืื™ืฉ. ืžื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ?

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืžืงื“ืžืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ "ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ" ื•ืืช ืžื•ืชื’ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ืื•ืคื ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื”. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื’'ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื•ืžืกืคืจืช ืžื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืจืืœ ื•ื“ื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื ื•ืฆืฅ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืงื• ืžื™ืœืื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืชืคืจื” ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™. ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืกื˜ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืจืก, ืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฆ'ื™ ื•ื’ื ืฉืžืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื•ืฆืฆืช - ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชื’ืžื“ื• ืœืขื•ืžืช ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืชื—ืจื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”

ื”ืกื•ืคืจืžื•ื“ืœ ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื—ืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”: ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืžืœืช ืžืขื™ืœ ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœ-ืœื•ืง ื’'ื™ื ืก ืกืงืกื™ ื•ืขื“ ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืžื ื•ืžืจืช ืฉื—ืฉืคื” ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”

ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ืฉื”ืคืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืจื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื”ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. 73 ืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ื’ืœืŸ ืžืจื˜ื ืก ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื™ืค ื•ื’ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื• ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืกื”, ื›ืฉื”ื”ื•ืžืœืก ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™, ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ืชืจืžื™ืช "ื‘ืœื” ื—ื“ื™ื“" ื”ืžืฉื’ืขืช ื”ื ืจืง ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ื– ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื™ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืฉืœื•

ืกืคื™ืจ ื ืจืงื™ืก ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ื›ืื•ืจื—ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ืื•ืคื ื”. ื ืจืงื™ืก ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื•ื•ืœื™ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื ืจืืชื” ืจื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื—ื•ืš, ืฉืืช ื—ื–ื™ืชื” ืžืขื˜ืจื™ื ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ืจื”. ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง

ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฆืณืจื˜ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืณื™ื’ืณื™, ื‘ืœื” ื•ืงื ื“ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ืช ืžื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ื”ืจื•ื•ืง ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื™ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืžื ื” - ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื™ืงืคืจื™ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืขื–ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ืชื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”

ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืงื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืขื ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืฃ, ืจื•ืกืœื ื” ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื” ื ืจืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขื•ืœื”. ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื ื•ืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฆื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ ืจืฉืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ืฉื•ืคื™ ืฆื“ ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”

ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื›ื™ืฃ ืœืคื–ื•ืœ ืœืืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื• ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื’ื’ ืžืžื•ืชื’ื™ ื”ืขืœ ื•ืžื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืงื–ืณื•ืืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืžืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืื– ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ืจืกืช ืฉืœื”?

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืฆืžื“ืช ืœื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืชื•ืืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืื—ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืงืืžืœ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”. ื—ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืื™ืžืฆื” ืžืจืื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘-1997, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื˜ืจื™ืง ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืฉื™ื“ืจื’ ืื•ืชื•

ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื” ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืœืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกืชื. ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื ืจืืชื” ื ืคืœื ืขื ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืื™ื ื•ืขื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืฉื“ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœ. ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื–ื” ืื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืฉื™ืขืจ ืืกื•ืฃ ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœ ืžื•ืงืคื“ ื•ื ืžื•ืš โ€“ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืœื•ืง ืžื•ืฉืœื