ื‘ืื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™, ืฉื•ืจื˜ืก ื•ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ื”, ื ื•ืขื” ืงื™ืจืœ ื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืจื— ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ

ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืžืคืกื™, ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”-19 ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื“ืžืคืกื™ โ€“ ืœื ืฆื— ื“"ืจ ืžืง'ื“ืจื™ืžื™ ืž"ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื™", ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืคื ื” ื›ืจื’ืข. ืกืืœื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืช ืื•ืคื ื” ืžืกืงืจื ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืžืช ืžื•ืชื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžืจืื” ื ืฉื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ื ื•ืขืœ ื ืขืœื™ ืขืงื‘. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช

ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคืฆื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ืขื“ ื—ืœื•ืžื™ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ, ืœืฆื“ ืื™ื–ื” "ื•ื•ืœื ืก" ืžื˜ื•ืคื— ื•ื ื•ื ืฉืœื ื˜ื™, ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžื’ื•ื—ืš ืขื ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื‘ื™ืช "ื“ื” ืจื•ืื•" ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœืกืŸ: "ื›ืคื›ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ืŸ" ื‘-1500 ืฉืงืœื™ื

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื“ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืกืคืก, ืขืžื•ืกืช ืกืœื‘ืก ืœื•ื”ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืชื›ื ืก ืœืจื’ืข ื”ืืžืช - ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืกื˜ื™ื‘. ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื—ื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”, ื™ื—ืคื”, ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืฉื ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ื›ืžื• ืงืฆืฃ ื”ื’ืœื™ื, ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืืฃ ืื—ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื”

ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘. ืžืœื ื™ื” ืœื‘ืฉื” ืฉืžืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ืงืช ื’ื•ืฃ, ืื™ื•ื•ื ืงื” ื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืžื—ืžื™ืื” ืžืฉืœื”, ืืจื‘ืœื” ื ืจืืชื” ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื–ื•ื”ืจืช ื•ืงืื™ ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข (ืงืฆืช) ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™. ืฉืจืง ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื’ื•ื’

ืœื•ืจืŸ ืกื ืฆ'ื–-ื‘ื–ื•ืก ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืคืขื ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช ืฉืžืคื ื” ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื”ื™ื ื ืฆืคืชื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืื ื•, ืœืฆื“ ืชื™ืง ืงืœืืฅ' ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉืื ืœ. ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ื›ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ?

ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื–ื™ ืœื ืคื•ืกื—ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื•ืžื–ืจื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื’ื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ืงื™ืช ืฉืงืฆืช ื ื–ื ื—ื”: ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืคืชื— "ืกืงื•ืค" ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืืกื•ืฃ, ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืžืจืื” ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ (ืืœื ืื ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื ื“ืจ-ื‘ื•ื‘)

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ืก ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืœื™ื” ื ื’ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืขื ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜, ืขืจื‘ ื•ืงื–'ื•ืืœ, ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื” ืจืฆืฃ ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ืคืกืคืก ืœืจื’ืข โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื ื“ืœื™ ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“

ื ื•ื“ืœืžืŸ ื”ืขืœืชื” ืคื•ืกื˜ ืืงืกื˜ืจื”-ืžื ืงืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘"ืื™ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืฉ", ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืฉื’ืขื™ื, ื”ื™ืื›ื˜ื”, ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืจ ืขืฆืžื” - ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงืœืืกื™ ืœืžืจืื”, ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื“ื’'ื™ ื•ืžืชืขืชืข

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืคืกื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืœืœื•ืง ืขืชื™ื“ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื‘ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ื”ืจืžืก, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื›ื” ืœื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื

ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืฉืชื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื ืกื™ื›ื” ื“ื™ืื ื” ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื”. ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืงื” ื‘ืจืžื–ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ื“ ืžืจืื” ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ืื”ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืžื•ืชื”

ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช, ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืžื™ืืžื™, ืžืชื—ืชื ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” ืกื˜ื™ื‘. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื—ื’ื’ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื›ืœื” ืœื‘ืฉื” ื–ื”ื‘. ืžืื™ื” ืงื™ื™ ื‘ืœื˜ื” ืžืขืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืœื ืคืจื—ื™ื, ื˜ืœื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžืœื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ื“ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืกืชืคืงื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”

ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืžืŸ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืืกื™ ื˜ื•ื›ืžืื™ื™ืจ ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื•ืื™ืฉื”. ื•ื™ืกืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืžืœื•ืช, ืฉืชื™ ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืชื—ืจื” ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉืจ ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช

ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืงืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืžื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืขืœื™ื– ื•ืžืจื™ื: ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื–' ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื‘ืข, ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื”ื• ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™. ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืงืคื™ืฅ ื›ืœ ืœื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื

ืืชื™ ืงื•ื‘ื• ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžื•ืœื“ืช, ืงื•ืจืœ ืกื™ืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืขื ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื›ื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ื“ื ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฆื‘ืข ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืื”. ื”ืกืœื‘ืก ืžื’ืœื•ืช ืœื ื• ืื™ืคื” ื”ืŸ ืงื•ื ื•ืช

ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืื•ืคื ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื’ื ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืฆืžื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ืจืช, ื•ื›ืš ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืงื™ืงื” ืืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก. ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช