ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช: ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื›ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืง ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืจื“ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฅ

ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกืงืจื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขื ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื”ื–ื”. ื•ื’ื: ืกืœื™ื ื” ื’ื•ืžื– ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืกืงืกื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืงืืŸ (ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจื” ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื ืžื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช ืคืจื•ื•ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื), ืงื™ื ืงืจื“ืฉื™ืืŸ ืžืœื”ืงืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืฉื” ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืชืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืงืืจื™ ื‘ืจืื“ืฉื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืขืœื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”

ืกืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืžื” ื”ืฆื—ื™ืง ืืชื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ Payot ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 525 ืฉืงืœื™ื

ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจืจืช ืฉืœ ืดื’ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืžืœื›ื”ืด, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ื” ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ื’'ื•ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืกืกื” ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ. ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืกืจื˜ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช "ืžืงืกื ื”ื–ื•ืขื", ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืื ื™ื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช ืžืชืžื™ื“. ื›ืœ ืœื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฉืงืข ืžืงื•ื“ืžื• ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืคื”. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”

ื“ื™ืืŸ ืงืจื•ื’ืจ ืœืงื—ื” ืื™ืชื” ืœืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืจืกืืฆ'ื”, ื˜ื•ื ืคื•ืจื“ ื•ื‘ืœื ืกื™ืื’ื” โ€“ ื•ื’ื ืฉืžืœื” ื-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ื“ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจ. "ื”ื›ื™ ืžื—ืžื™ื ื•ืžืคืจื’ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜", ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื‘ ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืข ืžื”ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืืœืžื•, ืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืขื ืง. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ื•ื ื” ื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืคืจื™ ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื•ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•: ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜ ืฉืœื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœื• ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืชืช ืœื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคืงื•ืช. ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืื ื” ืืจื•ื ื•ื‘ ืขื ืกื ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื•ืจืŸ ืื˜ื™ืืก ื ื•ืฆืฆืช ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืœื ื’ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืจืืœ ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ื›ื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ื ื”. ื”ืกืœื‘ืก ืžื’ืœื•ืช ืœื ื• ืื™ืคื” ื”ืŸ ืงื•ื ื•ืช

ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ืงื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžื—ื˜ื‘, ืฉืคืชื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ืฆื‘ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ืžืœื ืœื—ื•ืช, ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉืžืœื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช, ืงืจื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช. ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืคื™ื ื’

ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืช ื”-61 ืžืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืกืจื˜ ื”ืื™ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืกืคืจื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืคื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ืจื”. ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื‘ืฉื” ืœืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืช-ืื—ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฉื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื”

ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื–, ื’ื ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื”ืกืœื™ืค ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืชื ืช ืœื™ืœื” ื ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืื–. ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืงื™ืฆื™ืช, ืฉืขื ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืจืื•ื™. ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ื•ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืœื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง

ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืื™, ืกืจื™ ืœื ืงื” ื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ืžืœื›ื•ื‘ ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืœื•ื ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื•ืจื’ื™ืœ ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืงืฉื™ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืชื•ืคืก ืชืื•ืฆื”

ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืฉืชืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื“ืžื™ ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ mako ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืงืช ื”ืฆืฆื•ืช ืœื•ื”ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื”: ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช, ื—ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉืžืœื” ืื—ืช ืžืขื•ืœื” ืฉืชื•ืกืคืช ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื•ืฉืœืžืช. ื™ืฉ ืœืžื” ืœื—ื›ื•ืช

ื•ืืœืจื™ ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ ืคื’ืฉื” ืืช ื“ื™ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ื•ืจืกื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื“ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื•ืช: ื˜ื™ืจื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ืื’ื ืงื•ืžื•. ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืœืœื” ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืงื•ื˜ื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžืœืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื•ืจืกืช ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ

ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื ืฉื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืง, ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืฉืžื ืช ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ ื“ื’ืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข: ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™, ื‘ืกื˜ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืขืœ ื˜ื”ืจืช ืžืœืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ. ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™, ืฉืžืœื” ืงืœื™ืœื” ื•ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืืฃ ืื—ืช ืื—ืจืช โ€“ ื–ืืช ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืจื’ืข, ืกืืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืขืจื™ ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื’ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืงืกืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ื—ื–ื™ื™ืช ืชื—ืจื” ื“ืงื™ืงื”, ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืžืœื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืžื™ื™ืŸ - ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื, ื›ืฆืคื•ื™, ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื“ ื•ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ