ืžื” ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ? ื™ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ื ืกื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื™ื

ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื–ื™ืจืช ืคืจื—ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืฉื” ื˜ื•ืค ืขื ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจ ืžื–ืืจื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื ืฆืขื™ืฃ ืงืฉื™ืจื” ืชื•ืื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื’'ื™ื ืก ืœื‘ืŸ, ืชื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืชื•ืืžืช. ืœื•ืง ื”ื•ืจืก ืœื—ื’ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ

ืื™ืจื™ืก ื•ืืŸ ื”ืืจืคืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช, ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืžืœืช ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืกื” ื‘ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืฉืœื‘ืฉื” ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื™ืžื™ืง ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจืžื™

ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื”, ื ืกื™ื›ืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื ืžืจืง ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื”ืคื ื•ื™, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื˜ืงืก ื‘ืงื•ืœื’' ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื” ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื–ืจืงื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืœื•ืง ืงื–'ื•ืืœื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืžืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืงื ืื” ื•ื”ืฉืจืื”. ื•ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืžื“ื™

ื ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื ื›ื“ืชื• ื‘ืช ื”-19 ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 46 ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—. ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืžืงืกื™ ืœื‘ื ื” ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื–ื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ื›ื›ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ืŸ ืœื ืžืคื—ื“ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืงืืŸ ื•ื”ืคื ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื”, ื‘ื“ ืฉืงื•ืฃ ืžืชืœืคืฃ ื•ืžืจืื” ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืžืคืช ื™ื

ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื ื•ืขื ื‘ื•ื”ื“ื ื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ - ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืžืœืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ืฉื•ืคืช ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื, ืฉืžื–ืจื™ืงื” ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื•ืกืงืก-ืืคื™ืœ ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืื™ืงื•ื ื™. ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช, ื•ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื”

ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื ืฉื•ื™ ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืฉื—ืฃ ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื•ื. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ ืกื™ื™ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชืœื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื. ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื ื•ืขื– ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื”. ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ืœื™ื™ื ืจ ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืื•ื’, ื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื’ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืงืœื™ ืจื•ืœื ื“ ืชื•ืขื“ื” ื ื•ื–ืคืช ื‘ืžืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืฉื“ื—ืงื” ื‘ื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื, ืจืฆื” ื‘ืจืฉืช ืชืงืจื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืื‘ื˜ื—ืช, ืฉื›ืขืช ืžื•ืืฉืžืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช: ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ืช ืžืกื™ืืœ ื˜ื‘ืจืืก ืจืฆืชื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืžืœืชื” ื”ืขื ืง, ื”ืžืขื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช - ื•ื”ืชืขืžืชื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืžืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืฉื”ืื™ืฆื” ื‘ื”

ืœื–ืžืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืจื’ืฉืช, ืื– ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื”ื“ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืœื•ืง ื ื™ื ื•ื— ื•ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื• ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื. ืžื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื–ื”?

ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืฉืœื— ืืชื›ืŸ ืœืžืœืชื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจืคืจื ืก ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื•ื”ืคืขื: ื ืขืœื™ "ื™ืื›ื˜ื”". ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืขืœื™ ืขื•ืจ ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงืกื™ื ื™ื ืขื ืฉืจื•ื›ื™ื, ืฉืฉื•ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืื” ืžืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื’ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก ื ื“ืœืงื• ืขืœื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืช

ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกืงืจื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขื ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื”ื–ื”. ื•ื’ื: ืกืœื™ื ื” ื’ื•ืžื– ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืกืงืกื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืงืืŸ (ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจื” ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื ืžื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช ืคืจื•ื•ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื), ืงื™ื ืงืจื“ืฉื™ืืŸ ืžืœื”ืงืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืฉื” ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืชืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืงืืจื™ ื‘ืจืื“ืฉื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืขืœื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”

ืกืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืžื” ื”ืฆื—ื™ืง ืืชื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ Payot ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 525 ืฉืงืœื™ื

ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจืจืช ืฉืœ ืดื’ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืžืœื›ื”ืด, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ื” ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ื’'ื•ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืกืกื” ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ. ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืกืจื˜ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช "ืžืงืกื ื”ื–ื•ืขื", ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืื ื™ื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช ืžืชืžื™ื“. ื›ืœ ืœื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฉืงืข ืžืงื•ื“ืžื• ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืคื”. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”

ื“ื™ืืŸ ืงืจื•ื’ืจ ืœืงื—ื” ืื™ืชื” ืœืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืจืกืืฆ'ื”, ื˜ื•ื ืคื•ืจื“ ื•ื‘ืœื ืกื™ืื’ื” โ€“ ื•ื’ื ืฉืžืœื” ื-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ื“ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจ. "ื”ื›ื™ ืžื—ืžื™ื ื•ืžืคืจื’ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜", ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื‘ ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืข ืžื”ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืืœืžื•, ืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืขื ืง. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ื•ื ื” ื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืคืจื™ ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื•ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•: ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜ ืฉืœื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœื• ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืชืช ืœื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคืงื•ืช. ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ