ืจืืฉื™ ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื

ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงื™ื ื™ ื’'ื™ื ืก, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื– - ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ืœืชืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”: ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื‘ืื’ื™ ื’'ื™ื ืก, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื•. ื›ืš ืชืœื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ (ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืžืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“), ื•ืืœื” ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช

ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืชื—ืจื” ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื•ืŸ - ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืžืกืžื ืช ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืกืงืกื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืžื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืคื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชืขืœื. ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช

ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช - ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื˜ ืžื ืฆื— ื•ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”. ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื‘ ื›ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข, ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืฉืžื— ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ

ื’ื ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืชืœืช ืžืžื“ื™ื™ื ืœื ื—ืžืง ืžืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื˜ื•ืค ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื’'ื™ื ืก ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืื• ื—ืœืง ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืจ, ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ื“ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ืฉืœื ื•

ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ืคืกื™ ื”ืคืจืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืฅ ื”ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืืžื‘ืง ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื โ€“ ืžืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืœื ืžืชืืžืฅ ื•ืขื“ ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™

ื˜ืจื ื“ ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืื˜ ืื˜ ื’ื ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฆืœ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ืื™ืš ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื’'ื™ื ืก ืื• ื—ืฆืื™ืช, ืžืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ืฉื” ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ื–ื”

ื”ืกื ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžืก ื”ื ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืืจื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ื’ื ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื”. ื”ื•ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืฆ'ืื ืงื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื’ื”

ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืžืœืื” ื‘ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืื” ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜ื™ ืงืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™, ื•ื”ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื’ื ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืฉืžื—ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉืชืœื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“

ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื™ื“ืก ืกืžื‘ื” ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ - ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืคืš ืœื˜ื™ืจื•ืš ื”ืื“ื™ื“ืก ืกืžื‘ื” ื”ื›ืกื•ืคื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช: ืกื ื™ืงืจืก ืžื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืกืชืžื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื”

ื”ืจืคืจื ืก ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื ืืžื ื ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ื™ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื˜ื’ื” ื•ื ื˜ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืคื— ื•ืฉื•ืื‘ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฆืง ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉืจืื•ืช ืฉืชืจืฆื• ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืกื•ื™ื”

ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืœืืช ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืื™ืš ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ. ืชืฉืžื—ื• (ืื• ืœื) ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืœื ืขื•ืœื, ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืžื ืข ืžื”ืจืฉืช ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ, ื•ืžืืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”

ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ืŸ (ืื• ืฉืœ ืืžื ืฉืœื›ืŸ) - ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ืฉื›ื™ื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื— ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ - ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ

ื‘ืจ ืจืคืืœื™ ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉืžืœืชื—ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืžืืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืฉืชื›ืฉื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืœื•ืง ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืœื. ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื™ืฉืžืช ืœื ืคืขื ืืช ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ืฆื‘ืฆืช, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™. ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’ืื•ื ื™

ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ืงืก ื ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืœืจื•ื‘, ืœืฉื ื™ ื–'ืื ืจื™ื: ืืœื” ืฉืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื–ื• ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉื”ื“ื’ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžืกืชืžืŸ ื›ืฉื™ื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ืฆื” ื–'ืื ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื–ืœ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืœืื™

ื’ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช, ืงื™ื™ืœื™ ื’'ื ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืžืฆื• ืœื—ื™ืงืŸ ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ Aupen โ€“ ืžื•ืชื’ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืื’'ื ื“ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”. ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื›ืจื’ืข ื’ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ