ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช FF

ื‘ื”ืฉืงืช ื‘ื•ืฉื ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืื ื” ืืจื•ื ื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื•ืง ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉืžืœืช ืžืงืกื™ ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืขื ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืกืข ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืš ืงืฉื™ืจื”. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืง ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื›ืžื” ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžื”ืจื’ืœ. ืื”ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืงื•ื•ืืœื™, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืฉืžื• ื‘-1970 ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื ืฆื”, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 83

ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ืœื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ "ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ืœ", ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”. ื•ื’ื: ืžื“ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ื” ื”ืชื‘ืจื’ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืงื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืคื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื ื™ืงืจืก ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื ื“ืื™ื” ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืœื‘ื ื•. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”

ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ, ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื? ืื– ืœื ืื™ื–ื™ ืคื•ืคื™. ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืืžื ื” ืœื˜ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืžืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•

ืžื•ืจ ืจื“ืžื™ ืžืดื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸืด ืœื ืžืฆืื” ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฉืžืจืช ืืช 15 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื ืจืื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขื•ืœื”

ืœืจื’ืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ื—ืจื” ืขื™ื ื‘ ื‘ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืง ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืžืœื” ืœื‘ื ื” (ืฉืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ื”) ื•ืœื•ืง ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื’'ืงื˜. ื”ืฉื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจื™ืฃ, ื‘ืชื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืœื”. ื—ืžื•ื“ ืžื“ื™

ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืจืืœ ื•ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืก (ื”ืœื ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื“ื”) ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืคืจื™ื ื˜ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชืงืจื™ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื. ื›ื›ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ

ืจื’ืข ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื’ืžืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืจื”, ื—ื’ื’ื” ืื•ืคื™ืจื” ืืกื™ื™ื’ ืœื‘ื ื” ืืจื™ืืœ ืืคื˜ืจ ืคืืจื˜ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืชื—ืจื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”. "ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืฉื“ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืœ ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขืจื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช", ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืจื•ืจ ืงื•ื ื˜ื ื˜ื•. ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืžื” ืฉืฉืœื” ืฉืœื”

ืฆืžื“ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืœืฆ'ื” ื•ื’ื‘ืื ื” ื—ื’ื’ื• 40 ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืžื™ ืžื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฆืฆืช ื•ืฉืงื•ืคื” ื•ืžืชื—ืชื™ื” ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ื•ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’ืณ ืฉืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืชื’. ื”ืœื•ืง ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 61 - ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“

ื‘ื ื•ืช ืงืจื“ืฉื™ืืŸ-ื’'ื ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฆื‘ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงืืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจืงืก ื•ืงืื™ืงื•ืก ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ื™ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ: ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ื•ืคื™ื ืžื—ืจืคื ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืžื™ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื– ืฆืœื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ืžืœืชื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื™ืช. ืงืœื•ืื™ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืžื”ืคืš ืฉื™ืขืจ, ืงื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื, ืงื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืงืจ ื•ืงื•ืจื˜ื ื™ ืกื™ื›ืžื” ื‘ืžืกืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘

ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื˜ืกื” ื”ื›ืœื” ื˜ื• ื‘ื™ ืžืื™ื” ื‘ื•ืกืงื™ืœื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืกื˜ื™, ืจื•ืกืœื ื” ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื”, ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืจื•ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืืชื•ื ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืื™ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™, ืจื•ืกืœื ื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืง ืขื ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื›ื•ืคืชืจืช ืžืขืœ ืฉืฉื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ืง. ืคืจื™ื˜ ืžืืกื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉื”

ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื™ืžื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื›ืžืฆื•ืคื”. ืื•ืคื™ืจื” ืœื‘ืฉื” ืฉืžืœื” ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื™ืคื”, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ืจื™ืช ืจื—ืžื™ื ื”ืคืฆื™ืฆื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ, ืคื ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœื” ื•ืœืื” ืฉื ื™ืจืจ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืงืจื”

ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ืขืจืš ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืžืจื’ืฉืช ื•ืžืกืงืจื ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืขื“ ืื– - ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืžืชืง ื›ื™ืคื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื•ืฉื—ืฃ ืจื–. ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืงืจืงืกื™, ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจื” ืืฆื™ืœื™ืช

ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืขื ืงืืค ืื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง ื–ื™ืช ื•ืงืืค ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื”ื“ืคืก ืžื ื•ืžืจ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืืคื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืขื’ื•ืœื” ืฉืชื•ืคืกืช ื”ื›ืœ. ืžื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืžืฉื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื’ืื•ืœื” ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ื‘ืจื•ืœ ื’'ื™ื ืก ื‘ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช-ื›ื”ื”, ืขื ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืžืชื—ืช. ืจื™ื™ืฆ'ืœ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื”