ื’ื ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช: ืืœื” ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื–ืืช ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืฆืื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื”. ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ืช ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ื—ื’ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืฃ (ืื ืจืง ื”ืขื•"ืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื–ื”)

ืืžื™ืœื™ ืจื˜ืื™ื™ืงื•ืกืืงื™ ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื (ื›ื‘ืจ) ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืœืง ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ืคื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”-VMA ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื›ืคืœืืก ื•ื•ืืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื™ืคืจื ื“ ื”ื‘ืžืื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ืืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื”. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืœืช ื”ืงืื˜-ืืื•ื˜ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืžืžื–ืจื™ ื‘ืžื ื™ืงื•ืจ

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ืขืœืชื” ืกื“ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื ื˜ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืืš ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืžืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืฉื” ืกื˜ ืžื ื•ืงื“ ืงืœื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื” ืขื ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืชื•ืžื” ืื™ื˜-ื’ื™ืจืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืื—ืจืช

ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื™ื•, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืืœ ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœืœ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืœื™ืœืš ืจืš ื•ืขื“ ืฉื–ื™ืฃ ื•ืืžื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืจื ืฅ' ื•ืื•ืžื‘ืจื” ื•ืขื ืฉืœืœ ื’ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื - ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื ื™ืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืกืชืžืŸ ื›ืคื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ

ื‘ืจ ืจืคืืœื™ ืžืงื“ืžืช ืืช ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ืคืงื” ืกืชื•ื™ืช ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื‘ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ืืคืจืคืจ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืง ืืช ื’ื•ืคื” ื›ืฉืžืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ืฉื” ืกื•ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื™ืจื˜ ืชื•ืื. ืืช ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืขื ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืกืœื™ืค, ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืกืจื™ื’ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืชืŸ. ื”ืฉื•ืื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื™ืง ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื

ื”ืื™ื˜-ื’ื™ืจืœ ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืื™ ืขื ืžืœืชื—ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืชืืžืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื™ืขื“ ื”ื ื•ืฆืฅ. ืœืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืกืœื™ืค ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืคืชืขื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขืœืชื” ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื-ื‘ื•ืจื“ื•, ื•ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืงื™ืฅ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”

ืื™ืจื•ื— ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืคืง ืœืื™ื•ื•ื ืงื” ื˜ืจืืžืค ื•ืœื‘ืชื” ืืจื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืืจื•ืŸ. ื”ืื ื›ื™ื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืงื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืžืขื•ื˜ืจืช ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชื” ื‘ืช ื”-15 ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื” ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืงืœืืกื™. ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื—ื“ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคืขื ืขื ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื—ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืชื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื”, ื“ืื‘ ืงืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืžื™ืื ื• ื“ื•ื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื—ืชื ื• - ื•ื›ืฆืคื•ื™, ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™. ื”ื›ืœื” ืคืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืืจืžื ื™ ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉื›ืžื™ื™ื” ื ืฉืคื›ืช, ื•ืื– ืœืงื—ื” ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ื” ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืฉืžืœืช ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื” ื–ืจื•ืขืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื

ื™ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืจ ื ื•ื“ืœืžืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื ื•ืขื– ืขื ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืœืช ืขืจื‘ ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืกื˜ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืง ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืค ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืกืงืกื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช, ืฉืฉื•ื“ืš ืœื—ืฆืื™ืช ืžืงืกื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื•ืชืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืง ืื—ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ

ืฉืžืœืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื–ื” ืฉืขื˜ืคื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืคื™ืก ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืกืงืจ ื“ื” ืœื” ืจื ื˜ื”, ืกื˜ืจืคืœืก ืจืงื•ื ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืžืœืช ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื ืฆื ืฆืช ืขื ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื. ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืฆืช

ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืฆื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื‘ื”ืœื” ืžืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืงืจื“ืฉื™ืืŸ ืขื ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืื” ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื”: ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื–ื”

ืื ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืชื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืขื“ ื›ืžื• ืคืจื™ื–, ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ืื• ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื ื‘ื”ื™ื™ืค ืžืกื•ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืค-ืืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืžื” ื•ื•ืœ. ื”ืœื™ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืฉืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘"ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™", ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก ืื—ืช-ืื—ืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืกืงืก-ืืคื™ืœ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื•ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜

ื ืืžืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืš: ืžื•ืชืง, ื”ื–'ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•. ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื, ืžืขื™ืœื™ ืขื•ืจ ื•ื’'ื™ื ืก, ื˜ืจื ืฆ'ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื - ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœื• ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจื–ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื”ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืœื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืงืจื“ื™ื’ืŸ. ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืจื•ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ืจืกื™ื™ื–

ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื’ ื•ืื ื” ื•ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืจืงื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื•ื– ืžืคื•ืืจ ืžืžื™ื•ืฆ'ื” ืคืจืื“ื” ื•ืืœืกื ื“ืจื• ืžื™ืงืœื”, ืฉื”ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื• ืื™ ืคืขื. ื•ื’ื: ื”ื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืชื—ืชืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœ"ืฉืžืœื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”" ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžื–ืจืงืช ื—ืœื‘ ืื, ื•ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืคื ืฆ'ืจ ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืจื™ื”ืื ื” ื•ืคืžืœื” ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”

ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืกืจื˜ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ โ€“ "ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”", ื•ืžื ืฆืœืช ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื•ืžืื–'ื™ื ืœืœื•ืงื™ื ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ื”-2000 ื•ื”-90. ืฉืžืœืช ืžืฉื™ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื ื™ ืขื ื–'ืงื˜ ืฉืžืจืคืจืจื™ื ืœื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ื’ืจื ืจ, ืฉืžืœื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช "ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืจืช ื•ืคื™ืก ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ ืžืจืคื™. ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื”