ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืขื ืืžื ืื™ืœื ื™ืช: ืืœื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™

ื”ืคืจืžื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ "ื’ื‘ืขื” 338" ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืชืžื•ืœ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืขื ืง - ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชืจืฆื” ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืฉื™ื™ืงื” ืœื•ื™. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื”ืœื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื ืจื’ืฉืช, ืงื™ื ืื•ืจ ืื–ื•ืœืื™, ืฉื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื•ื”ืžื”ืžื ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ืžื™ ืฆ'ื• ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ ื•ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื’ื ืื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื™ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืืงื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ

ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืจืื” ืžืœื ืืžื™ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ืžื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื•ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช. ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ื—ื–ื™ื–ื”, ืฉื ื™ืฉืื” ืืžืฉ ืœืขื•ืžืจ ื—ื–ืŸ, ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื“ืจืžื”, ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืงืคื“

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงื ืจื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ื™ืคืจื ื“, ืžืื™ื” ืงื™ื™ ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื’ื ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืง ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ืžืื™ื” ืงื™ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜. ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื”ื™ื ืคื™ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืชืชืคืœืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

ื”ืคื™ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”: ื”ืื ื ืขืœื™ ื”"ืกืคื’ื˜ื™" ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ ืื ื˜ื™-ืคืจืงื˜ื™, ืื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ื˜-ืฉื•ื– ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื—ืฉืงื•ืช? ืขื“ ืฉืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืกืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืจื™ื™ื“ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’: ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ืžื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ื”ื–ื”

ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืœืžืก ื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ืœื•ืง ืชื•ืื (ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืžื•ื’ื–ื). ื”ื•ืœืžืก, ื›ื”ืจื’ืœื”, ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืžืืกื˜ืจ-ืงืœืืก ื‘ื’'ืื’ืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื•ืช, ื ืคื—ื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื ืจืืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขื ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืฉืงื•ืคื” ื•ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืคืจื ื–ื™ื

ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ืฉืงืช ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืขื™ื ื‘ ื‘ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืจืื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืจืื” ืคื™ืกื•ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ ืขืžื“ ืžื—ื•ืš ืงืืกื˜ื-ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฆื™ื, ื›ืชืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ ืžืฉืชืคืœ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื•ื“ื›ื• ืœืžื—ื•ืš ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืฆืจื”. ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข

ื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœืืกื˜ืชื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ืžื• (ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื“ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ื”) ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ื–ื•ื”ืจืช, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืœื ืžืชืคืฉืจืช. ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”

ืขื’ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืงื•ื ืื˜ ืœืื‘ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžื—ืช, ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ื’'ื™ื ืก ืื• ืฉืžืœืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื˜ืืฅ' ืžืชื•ืง ื•ื ื•ืฆืฅ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื”. ืคืœื ืฉื”ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•?

ื’ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืืชื’ืจ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืกืœื™ืค ืžื‘ื“ ื ืฉืคืš ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ืชืคื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืชืจ ื“ืงื™ืงื•ืช. ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืกืขื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืจืื” ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืฉื ืœื‘ืฉ ืœืœื ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื ืฉืืจ ื ืงื™ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืขื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืืกื•ืฃ ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœ, ืขื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืฆื— ืฉืœื” โ€“ ื—ื™ื•ืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื

ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ื– ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ืงื™ืฆื™, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื ืกื™ืคืงื” ื”ืฆืฆื” ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืงื” ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”

ืจื•ืชื ืกืœืข ื˜ืกื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช, ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืชื ื ื™ืฆื—ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœ. ืขืคื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืžืžื•ืชื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ. ืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื›ื

ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืฉืื ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืชื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ื™, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืžืชืจืขื ืŸ - ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื, ืžืกืชืžื ืช ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืœ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืฉืœ ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื”. ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื•ืช?

ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000 ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื• ืงืืžื‘ืง? ืคื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ื•ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช. ืืœื›ืกื” ืฆ'ืื ื’, ื–ื•ืื™ ืงืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื’ื ืœื™ื” ื ื’ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืžื” - ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ

ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื•ืื’'Xืคื ื˜ื™ ื’ืจืžื” ืœืจื™ื”ืื ื”, ืืžื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื ื–'ืจื™ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืขื ืžืชื ืคื—ื™ื. ื›ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจืช (ืœื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš) ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ื™ืืŸ ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ืชื• ื”ื˜ืจื ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืจื™ื’ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื›ืฉืจืงื“ื” ืœืฆื“ ื‘ืื“ ื‘ืื ื™ ื‘ืงืืกื™ื˜ื”, ืื•ืคืง ื–ืžื™ืจ ืžืกืคืงืช ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืœืชื—ื” ืฉืœื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘. ืžื”ืงื–'ื•ืืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืชืืžืฅ ื•ืขื“ ืžืจืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื›ืจืช