ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”

ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืงื•ืกื˜ืจ-ื•ื•ืœื“ืื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืจืง ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืื—ืช ื’ืจืžื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืคืกืคืกื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ืžืžื•ืช

ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืคื•ื™ ืœืžื“ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืœืื›ื™ืช ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”'ืก ืกื™ืงืจื˜ ืฉืจื” ืกืืžืคื™ื• ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืœื“ื’ืžืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืœืœื ืื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืœื ืจื™ื˜ื•ืฉ, ื•ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ืืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืฉื™ืื” ืขื ืกื“ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืžื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื ื• ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ

ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืœื ื—ืฉ: ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฆืจืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ื ื—ืžื”, ื•ื”ืคืงืช ืื•ืคื ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืคืืจืง ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช-ืจื‘ืขื™ ื ื—ืžื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ

ืกืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืžืชื™ ื’ืจืžืชืŸ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 575 ืฉืงืœื™ื

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื”ื“ืจืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืœืื, ื™ืฆืื” ืœื ืคื•ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœื”: ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืก, ืกื•ื•ื˜ืฉื™ืจื˜ ืžื—ื•ืจืจ, ืฉื™ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจื–ืœ ื•ืžืกื›ื”. ืคืœืืฉื‘ืง ืœ"ืคืœืืฉื“ืื ืก", ืžื™ืฉื”ื•?

ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ื™ืช ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”'ืก ืกื™ืงืจื˜, ืงื ื“ื™ืก ืกื•ื•ื ืคื•ืœ, ืœื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืชื’ ืฉืœื” ืžืขืœื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ื— ืคืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืจ ืจืคืืœื™ ืฉื™ื’ืจืจื” ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ื“ื’ื ืžื ื•ืžืจ, ืกื•ื•ื ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชืœื‘ืฉื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืœื•ื”ื˜ ืขื ืคืจื™ื ื˜ ื–ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื”. ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข

ื”ื–ืžืจืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ื•ืคื” ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื”, ืžืงืก ืื”ืจื™ืš, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืžื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ืœื•ื ื”ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืขื ื“ื” ืขืœ ืืฆื‘ืขื”. ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ืื™ืžืชื ื™

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืคื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืคืฉ ืžื ืงืจื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืชืงืœื• ื”ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื•ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืฉื™ื” ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฆืข ื”ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืžืœืชื—ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ. ื›ืš ื ื•ืœื“ ื˜ืจื ื“ "ื”ืคื™ืงื ื™ืง ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ"

ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ ื”ืงื™ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžื›ื•ืœื: ืฉื•ืจื˜ืก ื’'ื™ื ืก ื•ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ื”. ืืœื ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื•ืœื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ-ื‘ื™ื‘ืจ ื–ืจืงื” ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ืื•ื‘ืจืกื™ื™ื– ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืžื–ื’ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืกื ื“ืœื™ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื” ื‘ืกื˜ืืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ - ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืื‘ืกืกื•ืช

ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ืฉื—ืจืจ ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ โ€“ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฆื™ืœืžื” ืืžื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ืคื•ืœื• ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื” ื˜ื™-ืฉื™ืจื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’. ื›ื™ืฃ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ, ื•ื ืคืจื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืคืŸ ื•ื ืขืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช

ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื•ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ โ€“ ื’ื ืžื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช. ืืœืื•ื ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ื‘ืช ืืฆื•ืœื” ืฉืื•ื—ื–ืช ื‘ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืชืืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืฆื ื•ืขื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื”ืจืจื” ืืžืจื” "ื›ืŸ" ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ื”, ื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ื’'ืจื•ื ื“'ืืžื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ื•. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืกืคืงื• ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืืžืช

ืื•ื–ื’ื” ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื•ืช. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืขื ื’'ืืŸ ื™ืืžืืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื™ืื™ ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉ. ืžืฉืžืœื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ืจื˜ืก ื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืœืื•ื–ื’ื” ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช

ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืจื‘ืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ื ืื™ื™ื’'ืจื™ืช ืœืขืคืจื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื•ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื’ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืกืจืช ืื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืกืš. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืžืจืขื ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืžื— ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืจืืชื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืฉื—ื•ืจ

ื›ื‘ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงืื™ื” ื’ืจื‘ืจ ืžืื•ืชืชืช ืœืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื” ื•ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืฉืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืคืื–ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื ืฆืœืช. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ ืจืชื™ื—ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืœื•ื”ื˜ ืžืื™ ืคืขื ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื’ ื™ืคืŸ