ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื: ืคืžืœื” ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืŸ ื•ื ืจืืชื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื

ืคื™ื™ื’' ื‘ื•ืฆ'ืจ ื‘ืช ื”-44 ื”ืชื—ืชื ื” ืขื ืื“ื™ ืžืจืคื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”-63 ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื• (ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื’ื ืฉืœื”). ื‘ื•ืฆ'ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื” ืฉืžืœืช ื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘. ืฉืžืœืช ืกื˜ืจืคืœืก ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื—ื•ืš. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ืžืจืื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘. ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื ื•

ืฉืžืœื” ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ืงืื˜ ืืื•ื˜ื™ื, ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™ืช, ืชื™ืงื™ ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืžืฉืชืœื‘ืช ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฃ. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืœื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื•ื™

ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื โ€“ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืกื•ืจื™ื. ืจื•ืกืœื ื” ืงืคืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ืจืกืช, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื’ื–ืจื” ื-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื•ื’ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ. ืื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ืง, ื•ื”ืชืขืœืคื ื• ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืžื ืฉืœื”

ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืงืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” (ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื”), ื”ืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื, ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ - ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉืœื‘ืฉื” ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจ ื•ื•ื™ืžื‘ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ืืงืกื˜ืจื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ืœื ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ืฉื” ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ืฉืจืœื•ื˜?

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ื–ื” ื•ื”ืื“ื’' ืฉืœ ืขื“ืŸ ืคื™ื ืก, ืื– ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืฉื™ื - ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืžืœื ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื›ื‘ืช ืฉืžืœื” ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื” ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ืกืงืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ื’ื ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืงืŸ

ื‘ืจ ืจืคืืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืจ ืขื•ื ื”, ื›ืš ืฉืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืฉืขืžื ืื™ืชื”. ื”ืคืขื, ืจืคืืœื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืžื•ืชื’ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”, ืžืžื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“

ืื ื”ืืจื™ ื•ืžื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืื“ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ื˜ืฉ ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืื™ืชื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื. ืœืฉืžื—ืชื ื• ืžืจืงืœ ื•ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืกื•ืคืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืงืก ื”ืขื ืงืช ืคืจืกื™ื ื›ืฉืžืจืงืœ ื–ื•ื”ืจืช ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืžืงืกื™ ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืงืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื

ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื ื•ืกื—ืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื”ื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื”. ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืืคื•ืฃ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื– ื ื•ื ืฉื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืืชื’ืจ ืืช ืกืจื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜-ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื ื•ื ืฉืœื ื˜ื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื

57 ื“ื•ืœืจ - ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื™ืง ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘-2,780 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื? ื–ื” ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื™ืค. ื•ื’ื: ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื ื™ืงืจืก ื’ื•ืขืฉ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื• ืžื™ื• ื•ื ื™ื• ื‘ืืœืื ืก, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื’ืจืกืช ื”ืžืœืžืœื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ื“ืก ืกืžื‘ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ืชืื•ืฆื”. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”

ืกืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื“ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 498 ืฉืงืœื™ื

ืกื ื” ืกื•ืงื•ืœ ื ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื“ื™ืจ ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื: "ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ืขืฆืžื™, ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ืื—ื•ื–" - ื•ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”. ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืชืœื‘ืฉ, ืื™ืš ืฉืžืœื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžื” ืขืžื“ืชื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ื™ื?

ืžื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ืฉืœื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•. ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืžื—ืžื™ืื” ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื ืื—ืจืช ืžืืฉืจ ืื—ื•ืชื”, ืžื™ื›ืœ ืžื ื’ื™ืกื˜ื• โ€“ ืคื™ืก ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื” ืœื–ืจื•ื— ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ

ืžื•ืจ ืจื“ืžื™ ื ืกืขื” ืœืกื•ืค"ืฉ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืืจื•ืก ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืงืื ื˜ืจื™ ืกื™ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืจื“ืžื™ ืžื˜ืคื˜ืคืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžืฉืœืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืฉืชื™ื” ื•ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืจืก. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืฉืžืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉื›ื™ื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ืฉืœื”, ื•ืžืฉื›ื” ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืืžืช, ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื•

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจื“ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœื˜ื™ืกื™ื” ืœื‘ืฉื” ืฉืžืœื” ื-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืง 90 ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืืžื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื–ื”ื•ืช. ืžื™ ืืžืจ ืฉืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื ื•ื—?

ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ืกื ื™ืงืจืก ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื” ื•ื ื•ื—, ื’'ื™ื ืก ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื ื•, ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ืคืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืกื˜, ืžื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื›ืœ ืชื™ืง, ืกืจื•ื ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกืœื‘ืก ืžื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื•, ืžื’ื‘ืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืจืกืช ื•ืžืกื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืคื™ื ื’