ื ื˜ืข ืืœื—ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื”

ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ, ืื– ืžื–ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœื ื• ืจื’ืขื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื—ื”. ืืžืฉ ืžืœื™ ืœื•ื™ ื”ืขืœืชื” ืกื“ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” - ืชื—ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ, ื”ื•ืœื ืื•ืชื”

ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืžืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืขื ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆืช-ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื ืฉืคื›ืช, ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ ื“ืคืงื• ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœ-ืœื•ืงื™ื ืชื›ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืกืคื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ืกืจื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืžื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืฉืงื˜ื”. ื™ืคื” ืœื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื

ื”ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื” ืืจื™ืืœื™ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื˜ืื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืชืžื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืื” ื”ืžืฉืžื—, ื›ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื ื•ืฆืฆืช ื•ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ืช. ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืžืœื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื ื•ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. "ื ื•ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช", ืžืกืคืจืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืื—ื– ื‘ืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื ื—ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื™ื•, ืขืจื‘ ื”ื—ื’ ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื•ื”ืžืœืชื—ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช - ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืกื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืชื• ื‘ืืชืจ ื–ืืจื”. ืืกืคื ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช

ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื ืกื™ื›ืช ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“ ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ ื•ืฉืžืœื•ืช, ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืกื ื™ืงืจืก ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืกื•ืช ื•ื’'ื™ื ืก ืฉืžืžืฉ ื‘ื ืœื ื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืœืกืชื™ื•

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื”, ื”ืฉื•ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืื”, ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืฉืงืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืœื•ืง ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉืžืœื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžืชื•ื›ืฉื˜, ื•ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ืช ืขื ืžืกืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืœื ืฉื•ื›ื—ืช ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื”

ืื ื” ืืจื•ื ื•ื‘ ื˜ืกื” ืœืคืจื™ื– ืขื ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืกื˜ื™, ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื ืฉื•ื ืงืฆืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฆื—. ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ื•ืจืก ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื ืก ื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืขืจื‘ ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืขื ื’ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื”

ื‘ืงื™ ื•ืกื˜ืคืจื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื—ืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืจืขื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ - ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืื™ืชื” ื’ื ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ. ื”ืื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ืฉื” ืฉืžืœื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™-ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื” ืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืื•ืชื ื•, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืกืกื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื”

ื‘ืจืฉืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืงืจื“ืฉื™ืืŸ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืกืงืก ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืŸ (ื“ื™ื“ื™) ืงื•ืžื‘ืก, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื—ื” ืืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ื ื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื - ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืœื ืžื”ืกืกืช ืœืฉื“ืจ ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ืœื•ืง ืœื•ื”ื˜ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ื“ื ื™ ืœื•ื™, ื’ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืจืื”

ื”ืกื•ืคืจืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื•ื–ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ. ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ Laura Biagiotti ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืื•ืฃ ื“ื” ืฉื•ืœื“ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื ืช ื•ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉื™ืฉ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ืœื™ืกื™ืžื”

ืขื™ื ื‘ ื•ืจื– ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืœื™ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ "ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ". ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืื”ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื˜ื™ (ื•ื–ื›ื• ื’ื ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื) ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™, ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช. ื”ื›ืœื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืžื—ืžื™ืื” ืฉื”ืœืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื•ื”ืชืื‘ื–ืจื” ื‘ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ื– ืžืœืื™ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ โ€“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืžืžื ื”

ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ืขืœ-ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ืจื ื“ ืœื•ื”ื˜ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ืžื•ืชื’ื™ ื”ืขืœ, ืžื•ืชื’ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื - ื›ื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”. ืื– ืื ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืชื™ืง ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืžืœืชื—ื”, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืื—ื“

ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืคื—ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืื– ื ื ืœื ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ: ื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื˜ืจื ื“ ืœื•ื”ื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืจื’ืข ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื”

ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื ื’ืžืจ, ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืฉื•ื›ื— ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืื™ืš ื ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืฉืžืกื’ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื•ืช? ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื. ืœื ืกืชื ืงื™ื ืงืจื“ื™ืฉื™ืืŸ ื•ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ืœื•ืคื– ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื

ืกืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืงื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื–ื›ื• ื‘ืกืจื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ Augustinus Bader ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 669 ืฉืงืœื™ื