ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืฉืงื•ืคื”: ืืŸ ื”ืืช'ื•ื•ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืกืชื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช

ื‘ืจืฉืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืงืจื“ืฉื™ืืŸ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืกืงืก ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืŸ (ื“ื™ื“ื™) ืงื•ืžื‘ืก, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื—ื” ืืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ื ื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื - ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืœื ืžื”ืกืกืช ืœืฉื“ืจ ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ืœื•ืง ืœื•ื”ื˜ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ื“ื ื™ ืœื•ื™, ื’ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืจืื”

ื”ืกื•ืคืจืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื•ื–ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ. ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ Laura Biagiotti ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืื•ืฃ ื“ื” ืฉื•ืœื“ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื ืช ื•ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉื™ืฉ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ืœื™ืกื™ืžื”

ืขื™ื ื‘ ื•ืจื– ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืœื™ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ "ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ". ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืื”ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื˜ื™ (ื•ื–ื›ื• ื’ื ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื) ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™, ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช. ื”ื›ืœื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืžื—ืžื™ืื” ืฉื”ืœืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื•ื”ืชืื‘ื–ืจื” ื‘ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ื– ืžืœืื™ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ โ€“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืžืžื ื”

ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ืขืœ-ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ืจื ื“ ืœื•ื”ื˜ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ืžื•ืชื’ื™ ื”ืขืœ, ืžื•ืชื’ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื - ื›ื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”. ืื– ืื ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืชื™ืง ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืžืœืชื—ื”, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืื—ื“

ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืคื—ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืื– ื ื ืœื ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ: ื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื˜ืจื ื“ ืœื•ื”ื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืจื’ืข ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื”

ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื ื’ืžืจ, ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืฉื•ื›ื— ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืื™ืš ื ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืฉืžืกื’ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื•ืช? ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื. ืœื ืกืชื ืงื™ื ืงืจื“ื™ืฉื™ืืŸ ื•ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ืœื•ืคื– ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื

ืกืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืงื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื–ื›ื• ื‘ืกืจื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ Augustinus Bader ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 669 ืฉืงืœื™ื

ืœื•ืจื” ื•ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ื—ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืžืœืช ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. ื•ื•ื™ืงื ื“ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืงื™ืฆื™ ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืœื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉื’ืขืช, ื•ื’ื ืคืจื™ื˜ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืžื ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื”ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“

ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช - ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ (ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœืขืชื™ื“) ืฉื•ืœืคืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. "ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•"

ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื•ืœ, ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื‘ืืก, ื—ื–ื™ื™ืช ืชื—ืจื” ื”ื•ืจืกืช, ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืงืจื ืฉืœ ืืกืชื™ ืœืื•ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื’'ื™ื ืก ืงืœืืกื™, ื˜ื™ื™ืฅ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœื—ื’ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืคื™ื ื’

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื›ืกื•ืช. ืืœื—ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ื ืกืขื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื•, ื•ื ืจืืชื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืงื•ืจื ืช ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ืช ืฉืœ Boss ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืคืชืจืช ืžื‘ื™ืช ื’'ื™ืœ ืกื ื“ืจ. ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืงื”ืื ื”ืชืจืฉื, ื•ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื•

ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช, ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื–ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื“ื ื” ืคืจื™ื“ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื›ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ืคืฉื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื•ืชื’ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ โ€“ ืงื–'ื•ืืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืฉืžื”. ืื– ืžื” ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื ื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื”?

ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” - ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืงื”ืื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ - ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืคืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืืจืคืจ ืกื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“, ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืคื•ืœื”, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื”ืžืžืช

ื ืžืฆื ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืกืœื‘ืก โ€“ ืชื—ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืืœื™ื• ืื“ื™ืฉื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžืœืช ืชื—ืจื” ืฉืงื•ืคื”. ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื• ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื•ื•ืื•

ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื” ืœืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืคืงืช ืื•ืคื ื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข - ืคืื” ืงืฆืจื”. ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื™ืœ ืื–ืจื–ืจ ืจืงื— ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื•ืงื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ื•ืœื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืœื‘ืฉื” ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ื™ืคื”