ืจืืฉื™ ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ืืื–ืขืงืช ื˜ืจื ื“

ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืก ื”ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืกื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืงื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ื’' ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืงืืžื‘ืง ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืคื ื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ื˜ื ื•ืืœืื™ื”, ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืคื™ืกื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช. ืืœ ื“ืื’ื”, ื’ื ื‘ื–ืืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื

ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืงืจืžื™ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื, ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื” ืœื›ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืคืช ืฉืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ. ืจืง ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืชืง

ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืจืขื ื ื” ื‘ืฉืื ืœ ื ื™ื›ืจืช, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื™ืง-ืื™ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื• ื—ืœืง, ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชื™ืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ - ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข

ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื”-ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืจ ื•ืงื ื“ืœ ื’'ื ืจ ื“ื‘ื•ืงื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ืœื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ. ื”ืŸ ืืžื ื ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฆ'ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ ืกื™ื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืฆื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืื•ืฆื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื—ืฉืง. ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข

ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื - ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืฅ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืชื—ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’'ื™ื ืก ืขืœ ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช ืžื›ื ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•-ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื›ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืœื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ืžื” ื’ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”. ื”ืขื•ื ื”, ื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก ืžืคื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืœืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืจืคื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื”

ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื”ืฉืงื˜ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื™ื˜-ื‘ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืคืจืื“ื” ืฉื•ืื‘ ืืช ืžืžื ื” ืืช ืงืกืžื• ื”ืจื‘: ื”ื•ื ืงืœืืกื™ ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜, ืžืฆื ื™ืข ืืช ืœื•ื’ื• ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื•ืžืฉื“ืจ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉืช ืœืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื—ื‘ืœ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืืจื” (ื•ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื™ื™ืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ)

ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžื•ืชื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืกืงืจืŸ, ืฉื•ืื‘ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื›-ื–-ื” ื™ืงืจ, ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืžื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•. ืžืชื ืฆืœื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ

ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ื”ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืžืจืื”, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืื™ืคื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืคื ื”? ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื–ื” ืื‘ื™ื–ืจ ื—ื“, ืกื™ื›ืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืง โ€“ ื•ื”ืžืขื™ืœ ืžื–ืืจื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืชื’ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืืคืกื™ื

ืขื ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืžื’ืžืช ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื”ืฉืงื˜ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื - ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื. ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืžื ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื˜ืืฅ' ืืงืœืงื˜ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžืจืื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™, ื•ื”ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื•ืชื’ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื”

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื•ืคื ืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืžื”ืœื›ืช ืืช ืงืกืžื” ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื•ืืช ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื•ืง, ืจืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืงืืžื‘ืง ืœื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื - ื”ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ื”ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื” ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืืกื˜. ืชืžื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“

ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืžื ื˜ ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื‘ื•ืงืก. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’'ื™ ืขื ืงืจื™ืฆื” ืœืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืื•ืคื ื” ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื” ืžืœืืช ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ?

ืื ืืชืŸ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื ืขืจื•ืช, ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืœื›ืืœื” ืื• ืกืชื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื•ืง - ื›ื ืจืื” ืชื“ืขื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ "ืžื›ื ืกื™ ืื•ืจื‘ืŸ". ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืงืกืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช "ืื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ืจืก" ืœื ืคืกื— ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืืœืคื, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื˜ืจื ื™ื ื’. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื™ืฅ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืงืฉืง

ื”ื ืืžื ื ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ื—ื•ืจืคื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืื• ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”: ื”ืคืขื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืืกื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ืขื ืืคืงื˜ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ืฉืžืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืœื•ืง ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช, ืื– ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฉืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื“

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื” ื’ื ื›ืฉืงืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ: ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืœื™ื ื’, ื”ืคืจื•ื•ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื’ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืžืจื™ืจื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ื‘-4,000 ืฉืงืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื

ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ื•ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ "ืื™ื˜" ืœื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืงืจื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช - ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื’ื ื ืฉืืจื ื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืขืฉื• ืืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ - ื•ืืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”