ืจืืฉื™ ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ืืื–ืขืงืช ื˜ืจื ื“

ืขื’ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืงื•ื ืื˜ ืœืื‘ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžื—ืช, ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ื’'ื™ื ืก ืื• ืฉืžืœืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื˜ืืฅ' ืžืชื•ืง ื•ื ื•ืฆืฅ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื”. ืคืœื ืฉื”ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•?

ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืฉืื ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืชื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ื™, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืžืชืจืขื ืŸ - ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื, ืžืกืชืžื ืช ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืœ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืฉืœ ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื”. ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื•ืช?

ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000 ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื• ืงืืžื‘ืง? ืคื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ื•ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช. ืืœื›ืกื” ืฆ'ืื ื’, ื–ื•ืื™ ืงืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื’ื ืœื™ื” ื ื’ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืžื” - ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ

ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ื’'ืœื™ ืœื ืขื•ืฆืจืช, ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ืžืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ื– - ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื. ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืฉืงืคืงืฃ, ืฉืžืฆื˜ืœื ืžืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืื• ื”ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื’ื ืžืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ืง, ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืืกืชื˜ื™ืงืช "ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืชืงื™ื" ืฉืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื“. ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ ืžืชื•ืง

ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœื”ืชืงืœื—, ื”ืคื™ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžืชืขืงืฉ ืฉื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ื”. ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืจืื” ืœื•ื”ื˜ ืžื“ื™ (ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข), ื•ืื ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืœืžืก ื•ื–ืืจื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช - ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—

ืื—ืจื™ ืกื ื“ืœื™ ื”ื’'ืœื™, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืงืœื•ืื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ืช โ€“ ื•ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ื ืขืœื™ ืขืงื‘. ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ืกื˜-ืกืœืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืจืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื•ืžืื– ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืกืคืก ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื“. ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœ-2,000 ืฉืงืœ?

ื–ื” ื˜ืจื ื“ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืงืฆืช ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ื˜ืจื ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืื—ืจืช: ืคืกื™ื, ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื, ืฉื ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉืง

ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืขืฉ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ืฉืžืชื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ื™ ืื•ืคื ื”. ื”ืกื ื™ืงืจืก ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ืก ื•ืืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืœืื•ืช ืื•ืคื™, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื•ื’ื• ืฉืฆื•ืขืง ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžืœื ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ

ืื—ืจื™ ืจืฆืฃ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืžืžื•ืชื’ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ืงืœื•ืื”, ืืœืื™ื”, ื“ื” ืจื•ืื• ื•ื’'ื™ืžื™ ืฆ'ื•, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ื ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื ื•ืช ืžืžืชืงื™ื ืขืžื•ืกืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ื›ื™ ื˜ืจื ื“ ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื’'ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื–ื– ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื. ื›ืคื›ืคื™ ืืฆื‘ืข, ื ืขืœื™ ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื” ืื• ืขืงื‘ื™ื - ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ื•ื’ื ื•ื’ื, ืื– ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช

ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ืกืจื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ืžื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช ืœืžืœืชื—ื”. ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื“ื’ื™ื - ื›ืŸ ื›ืŸ - ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืข, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™. ืชื ื• ืœืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื”

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืคืœื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”, ื’'ื™ื ืก ื”ืงืจื•ืค ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ืžืฉื‘ ืจื•ื— ืจืขื ืŸ. ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจืกื•ืœ ืžื—ืžื™ืื”, ืงืœื™ืœื” ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ: ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื ืขืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืฉื“ืจื’ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืœื™ ืžืืžืฅ

ืขื ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื•ื ื“ื™ืืœ (ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื), ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื™ืจืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื "ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ" - ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื•ื”ื“ืช ืขืœ ืืžืช, ืื• ืจืง ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืื. ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’', ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ืืจื” ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืŸ - ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ืช ืจื›ื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืกื‘ืชืื™ืช, ืฉื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื ื›ืกื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ืฉืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืื™ืชื”. ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ - ืคืชื—ื• ืื™ื–ื• ืžื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื•ื ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ

ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืžื›ื ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ืžืœืชื—ืช ื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื”. ื”ื ืงืฆืจืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื, ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื–ื™ื ื•ืกืงืกื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื ื”ื›ืœ: ื˜ื™ืฉืจื˜ืก ืื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืจื”, ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื ืื• ืขืงื‘ื™ื

ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' ื•ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื˜ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ืฉื” ืžื—ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื ื—ืฉืงื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืชืคื ื™ืช ืจื’ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื - ื›ืš ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืœืชื—ื” ืงืœ ื•ื›ื™ืคื™ ืžืชืžื™ื“