ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”ืื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืจืœืก

ืขื•ืžืจ ื ื•ื“ืœืžืŸ, ืขื“ืŸ ืคื™ื ืก, ื“ื ื” ื–ืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืจ ืืœืžืœื™ื— ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืœื‘ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื’ืจ ืœื ืžื ืข ืžื”ืŸ ืœืืจื•ื– ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืงื™ืฆื™ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื ืงืจืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืจืžืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืงืฆืช ืœืคืจื’ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืœืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ืื“ืœื” ื”ื•ืง ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื” ืœื ืจืข, ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืืžื ืฉืœื” ื•ืื—ื•ืชื” ืฉื’ืจื•ืช ืืฆืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืจื•ืงืžืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ืื ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉื ื–ืจืงื” ืžื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื”, ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืžืขื•ืŸ ืœื ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื˜ืœื˜ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืช ื™ื ืœืกื•ืฆ'ื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื—ืœื” ืœื•?

ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ("ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื"), ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื‘ืจ ืจืคืืœื™ ("ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื—ืžื™ื"), ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ("ื–ื” ืžื—ืจืคืŸ"), ืœื ืžืคื—ื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ ("ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืืคืก") ื•ืœื ืคื•ืกืœืช ืฉืชืฆื˜ืœื ืœืคืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ("ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื"). ืขื ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืœืชื ื•ืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื”, ืขื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืžืกืชืžื ืช ื›ืžืจืขื ื ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื•

ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ืงื ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ Staud, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืžื™ืœื™ ืจื˜ืื™ื™ืงืื•ืกืงื™ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืœื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืœื”. ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื–'ืงื˜ ื”ืชื•ืื ื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” - ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืกื‘ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื’ื–ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”

ื”ืกื•ืคืจืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงืจื“ืฉื™ืืŸ, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ืฉืจืง ืชืจืฆื”, ืชื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช "ื‘ื ื ื”ื•ื˜" ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ื˜ืข ืืœื—ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ื•ื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื ื™. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช - ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื—ื›ื” ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ

ืœื•ื‘ื™ ืกืคื“ื™ ื™ืฆืื” ืขื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ื“ืจืš ื›ืชื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืฆื ืขื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ืขื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืจื•ื–ื™-ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™, ืฉืžืขื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ืฉ"ื”ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ" ื•ืกื•ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื‘ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืขืงืฉื”. ืžื” ื”ืœืื”? ื”ื—ื™ื™ื

ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช, ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจื” "ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืจ ืช'ื™ื ื’ืก", ืžืฉื™ืงื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืกืจื˜ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ืฆื˜ืœืžื” ืœื”ืคืงืช ืื•ืคื ื” ืžืœืืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืชื”. ื”ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืงื•ื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื•ื”ืฆืœื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”

ืื™ื™ืจื™ืก ืœืื•, ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื•ืื™ื˜-ื’ื™ืจืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ื™ืฆืื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืœืงื—ื” ืื™ืชื” ืฉืœืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ - ื“ื’ื ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ ื•ื ื•ืขื– ื‘ื•ื•ืจื•ื“ ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื•. ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืชืื•ื ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”?

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ืฉืœื” ื ื—ื˜ืคื”, ืงืœื•ืื™ ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืœืื™ ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ืจื•ืชื— ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื”. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื ืคืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ืชื” ื’ื ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขืจื” ืื—ืช ืžืกืงืจื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืก ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ

ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื“ื ื™ืืœื” ื—ืœืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืช ื”-17.5 ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืœื” ืœืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ (ืฉื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ) ื•ื™ืฆืื” ืขื ื—ื•ื–ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืคืชื—ื• ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื”, ื—ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ืœื’ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžื ืคืฆืช ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื•ืช: ืขืœ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื‘"ืจ ("ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื ื—ื›ืžื™ื"), ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ("ื ืฉืืจื• ืœื™ ืžืขื˜ ื›ืชืžื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื–ื”"), ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ืช ("ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืกืชืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืกืš")

ื”ื—ืชื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืชืคืก ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื–ืžื– ื‘ืœื”ื˜ ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืช 27. ื›ืขืช, ื›ืš ืžืœื—ืฉื™ื, ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืžืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืื˜ื• ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืื“, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ืชืžืจืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ืชืื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ืฉืœื”. ื–ื” ืœื ืขื–ืจ

ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจ ืืฆืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช, ื•ื’ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜-ื’ื™ืจืœืก ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืขื–ื™ื, ืคืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ื•ื’ื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขื“ื›ื ื™. ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•

ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื ื“ื” ืืจืฆ'ืœ ืฉืงืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืงื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ื™ื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื” ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื ื’ื–ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, 14 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืฉื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืช

ืืœ ืชืกืคืจื• ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื™ื• ืฉืžืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืง. ืชืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื•ืชืขืœื• ืœืื™ืกื˜ื’ืจื. ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื”ื, ืœื›ื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื–ื” ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืจื™ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื” ("ืžืื‘ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืœ"), ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืงืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื - ืืช ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืœืขื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืš, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืค ืฉืœ ื ื•ืขื” ืงื™ืจืœ

ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ืœื•ืจืŸ, ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื˜ื’ื” ื•ื ื˜ื”, ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืื“ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ื. ื”ืื™ื˜-ื’ื™ืจืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื“ื’ืžืŸ ืืช ืื•ืคื ืช ื”ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช, ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื ื• ื—ืฉืง ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” - ืฉืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืžืฉ ื›ืขืช