ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™: ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื. ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืช

ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื™ืกื—ืฃ ื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืชื‘ืœื˜ ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•, ื•ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ืกื—ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•. ืชืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืื” ืœื™ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช

ืœืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื‘ืฉื” ืจื•ืชื ืœืกืข ืฉืžืœื” ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื”. ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ืงืจื”? ื›ืŸ. ืžื”ืžืžืช? ื›ืŸ. ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ืช? ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ืื– ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืกืœืข ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ ืขืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืชื›ืœืก ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื“ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื”. ืžื” ืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืžื”ื›ืชืคื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ื–ืจื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื ื˜

ืžื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืื” ื ื™ื ื•ื— ืฉื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืžื ื•ื—ืฉืช, ื’'ื™ื ืก ื‘ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ื›ื”ื” ื•ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืœืกื‘ื ื˜ื™ื–. ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ื•, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื”

ืžืืจื™ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืกื™ื›ืช ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืช ื”- 28, ื”ืชื—ืชื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ืฉืžืœื”, ืืœื ื”ื˜ื™ืืจื” - ื ื›ืก ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืž-1890 ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœืžื“ื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืฆื™ืคื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœืžื“ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื•ืคื ื”

ืกืคื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ืกืจื•ืจ ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ ื•ืžืื– ืžื™ื™ืฉืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื’ื ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื’ืžื ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื: ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื–, ื•ื”ืงืืžื‘ืง ื”ื•ืœื ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืื•ื“

ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืžื™ืืžื™, ืื‘ืœ ืžืœืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉืœื” ืžืฉื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืชืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื”ืงืื•ื’ื™ืจืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ ืื—ื“ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™. ื”ืคืชืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžื•ืชื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืงืœื•ืื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืžื•ืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื”, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆืœืžืช ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉืื•. ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื™, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืืชืžื•ืœ ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื” โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื” ื’ืกืงื™ื™ื”, ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ. ืžืฉืขืžื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื

ื”ืžืื•ืจืกืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื”, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื–, ืฉืจืง ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื™ื”ืœื•ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช ืžืจื•ื ืœืื“ื•, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ืง ืžืฉื•ื’ืข. ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื– ืœื‘ืฉื” ืฉืžืœืช ืชื—ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืœืš ืœืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืขื ื“ื”. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืงืจ ืขืœื™ื”?

ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื โ€“ ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืจืฉืžื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืœืžืก, ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืชื™ืง ื ื—ืฉืง, ื–'ืงื˜ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื•ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื•ืŸ

ืืœื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ื”-24 ื‘ืกืฉืŸ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ื›ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื•ืฉื™ื” ื›ืžื•ื”, ื•ืขืœืชื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืขืœ ืœื•ืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•: ืฉืžืœื” ืกื•ืคืจ-ืกืงืกื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžื•ืชื’ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืงื™ ืžืกืงืจืŸ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืžื›ืจืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื“ื™. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ืช

ืœืจื’ืœ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ื”-24, ื‘ื™ืœืชื” ื™ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื ืก ืจื—ื‘ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ืš ืฆืžื•ื“ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืชื—ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืขื ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืจื•ื“. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ

ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ื˜ืกื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืœืฆื“ ืื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืจืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืคืœื. ืžืœื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ืขื ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื– ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืฉืกืข ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ืฉื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”

ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ "ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืกื’ืจ ืขื ื–ืืจื”"? ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืคื ืชื™ืื•ืŸ: ื”ืคืขื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื’'ื™ื ืก ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™, ืื• ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ ื’'ื™ื ืก - ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื” - ื•ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื•ืง ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ืฅ ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื. ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ืื• ื’ื™ืžื™ืง ืžื‘ื™ืš?

ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื‘ืคืชื— ืื‘ืœ ืžืื™ื” ืงื™ื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืงื™ืฅ. ืžืื™ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื˜ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื—ืžืื” ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื” ื™ื—ื“. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืคื™ืงื ื™ืง ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืจืกืช ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืžื”ืžื ื‘ื’ื‘ ื•ื”ืชื™ืง โ€“ ื”ื• ื”ืชื™ืง. ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืงื™ืฅ ืื‘ืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื ืคืœื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื™ื˜-ื’ื™ืจืœ ื—ื•ืจืฉืช ืขืœ ื’'ื™ื ืก ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ื›ื”ื”. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืจื’ืœืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืคืขื ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืจืฉืช ืื•ืคื ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื” โ€“ ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื‘ืจื’ืข. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืœื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืกื™ืคืงื” ื›ืžื” ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืงืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื. ืขืฉืชื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”