ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ื’ื“ ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื: ื‘ืจ ืจืคืืœื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื ื•ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ

ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื“ื ื™, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ - ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง. ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื” ืช'ื•ืกื˜ืจืค - ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืžื•ื ืคื–ืื˜ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™, ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื“ื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ื™ืคื”, ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื‘ืขืกืง ืœืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”. ืืกืงืคื™ื–ื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื•

ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกืœื ื” ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ืก, ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื• - ืืœื ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜-ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ื”ื˜

ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื• - ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืœื™ ืจื˜ืื™ื™ืงืื•ืกืงื™ ืขื ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”, ืฉืžืกืคืง ืชืžื™ื“ (ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข) ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืžืจืื” ืฉืงื•ืœืข ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื‘ื›ืœืœ: ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืฉื•ืจื˜ืก, ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืกื‘ื ื•ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ื– ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000

ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื›ืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœื™ ืžืงืœืจ ืœื ืจืื™ื ื•. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ื•ื•ืœื ื™ื, ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื’ ืขื ืง, ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื˜ื•ืค, ื—ืฆืื™ืช ื•ืฉื›ืžื™ื™ื”. ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช "ืขืžื ื•-ืืœ" ืฉื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื ื˜ืจืœ ืคืืจืง

ื”ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืœืœื ื–'ืจื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื, ื•ื”ืคืขื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืกืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื•ืจื˜ืก ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžื™ื, ืžื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื”-ื ืฉื™ืช. ืืžื ื ืœื ืชืชืงืฉื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ืžื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืืงืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• - ื”ืชืคื ืชื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืงืฆืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื. ื›ื™ืื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื’ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื

ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžืื•ื”ื‘, ืขื•ืžืจ ืื“ื ื•ื™ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื”, ื ืกืขื• ืœืื™ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœืฉืžื” ืืจื–ื” ื™ืขืœื™ ืžืœืชื—ื” ืžืชื•ืงื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืžื›ื›ื‘ืช ืฉืžืœืช ื›ืชืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื“ื” ืžื‘ื“ ื“ืงื™ืง ืขื ืฉืกืข ื•ื•ืœื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“. ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื”ืกืขื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจื™ื" ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ื™ืจืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ื™ืคื” ื’ื ื‘ื•ื•ืจื•ื“

ื‘ืงืœื™ืค ืœืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ "ืื ื™", ื ื•ืขื” ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžืกื—ืจืจ โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืžืขืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ: ื–'ืงื˜ ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ ืขื ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ืขืžื•ืง. ื”ืคื™ืก ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืขื™ื ื‘ ืกืขื™ื“, ื•ืืœื™ื• ืฉื™ื“ืš ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœื™ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช

ืชื™ืงื™ ืžื–ืจื—-ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืคื™ืœื• ืืชื›ืŸ ืžื”ืกืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืœื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ืคื™ื™ื’' ื‘ื•ืฆ'ืจ ื‘ืช ื”-44 ื”ืชื—ืชื ื” ืขื ืื“ื™ ืžืจืคื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”-63 ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื• (ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื’ื ืฉืœื”). ื‘ื•ืฆ'ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื” ืฉืžืœืช ื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘. ืฉืžืœืช ืกื˜ืจืคืœืก ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื—ื•ืš. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ืžืจืื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘. ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื ื•

ืฉืžืœื” ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ืงืื˜ ืืื•ื˜ื™ื, ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™ืช, ืชื™ืงื™ ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืžืฉืชืœื‘ืช ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฃ. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืœื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื•ื™

ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื โ€“ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืกื•ืจื™ื. ืจื•ืกืœื ื” ืงืคืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ืจืกืช, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื’ื–ืจื” ื-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื•ื’ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ. ืื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ืง, ื•ื”ืชืขืœืคื ื• ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืžื ืฉืœื”

ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืงืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” (ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื”), ื”ืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื, ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ - ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉืœื‘ืฉื” ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจ ื•ื•ื™ืžื‘ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ืืงืกื˜ืจื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ืœื ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ืฉื” ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ืฉืจืœื•ื˜?

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ื–ื” ื•ื”ืื“ื’' ืฉืœ ืขื“ืŸ ืคื™ื ืก, ืื– ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืฉื™ื - ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืžืœื ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื›ื‘ืช ืฉืžืœื” ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื” ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ืกืงืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ื’ื ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืงืŸ

ื‘ืจ ืจืคืืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืจ ืขื•ื ื”, ื›ืš ืฉืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืฉืขืžื ืื™ืชื”. ื”ืคืขื, ืจืคืืœื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืžื•ืชื’ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”, ืžืžื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“