ืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื›ืชื ื•: ื”ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื—ื“

ื”ืื™ื˜-ื’ื™ืจืœ ื˜ืกื” ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืชืื™ืœื ื“, ื•ื ืชื ื” ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืœืœื•ืง ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ืคื”ืคื”. ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื” ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ืชื™ืง ื”ืงืฉ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืฆืœื ื•

ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืœืžืก ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืคืจื™ืžื™ื™ืจื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœ ืœื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ื ื—ืฉืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฉื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืจืื” ืžืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื• ืื™ืžืจื•ืช ื›ืžื•: " ืืœื” ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™"

ื”ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื” ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืœื•ืง ืžืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื” ื–'ืืŸ ื“ืžืืก ื•ืœืงื—ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืžืฉื™ืžื”: ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ื”ื™ื ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ืฅ' ื”ืžื ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืชื ื” ืœื–ื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™. ืื•ืคื ื” ืœืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื

ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ืคืชื™ืขื• ื”ืืงืกื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื•ืง ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืฉืฆื•ืœื ืขืœ ืกื˜ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ืžืฉืงืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช - ื”ืœื•ืง ืฉืœ ื™ืขืœ, ื•ืฉืžื—ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ืฉื

ืกืคื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืง ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื•ืžื—ืžื™ื, ืžื•ืจ ืจื“ืžื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื–ืจืช ืœืงื™ืฅ, ื ื•ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000 ื•ื˜ืœื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืขื ื˜ืืฅ' ืžื ื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ื”ืกืœื‘ืก ืžื’ืœื•ืช ืœื ื• ืื™ืคื” ื”ืŸ ืงื•ื ื•ืช

ืฉื™ ืžื™ืงื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขื ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉ ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืืงืกื˜ืจื”-ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช: ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“, ื’ื–ืจืช ืงื•ืœืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืื”, ืžื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื ืฉืคืš ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื

ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื” ืœื ื–ื–ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื, ืจืง ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืชืขืคื•ืช ืœืชืชื™-ื˜ืจื ื“ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘. ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื›ื™ื - ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ืื”, ื‘ื–ื• ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืื ื™ ืื• ื‘ื–ื• ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ื“ืก. ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื ื‘ื–ืืจื” ื•ื“ื•ืžื•ืชื™ื”. ืคืœื ืฉืกืคื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ืกืจื•ืจ ืืจื–ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืชืื™ืœื ื“?

ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื•ืคื ื”, ื’ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืจืงื™ืขื” ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืขื ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช, ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ื•ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื”, ืื•ืชื” ืกืงืจื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœื” ืœืกืจื˜ "ืฉืœื’ื™ื™ื”". ื”ืคืขื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ืื•ืคื ื” ื ื•ืขื–ืช ื•ืžืกืงืจื ืช

ืžื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืขื ืฉืžืœืช ืงืื˜-ืืื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ ืขืฆืจื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืงื•ืคื” ืžืชื—ืจื”, ื—ื™ื” ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืื” ื•ืื•ืœื” ืกื˜ืชื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ื“ืจืก ืงื•ื“ - ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืง. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื–ืจื” ืžื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ืจื” ื•ืœื•ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืื•ืคื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืงืœื™ืœ ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืจื•ืœ ื’'ื™ื ืก. ืคืจื™ื˜ ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืžื—ืžื™ื ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื•ืชืฉืžื—ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข

ืืœื” ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืชื•ืคืกืช ืขื ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืœื•ืง ืœื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื–ื™ืขื” ื•ืžืชื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช (ื•ื™ืฉ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช) ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื“ืจ ืืจื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื’ืฉื” ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืคืฉืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืžืฆืื” ื–ืžืŸ ืคื ื•ื™ ืœืขืจื‘ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื”, ื—ื™ืœื™, ื•ืœื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื’ื“ ืฉื™ื”ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืกื˜ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืกื™ืกื˜ืจื– ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืœืฆืช ืชื—ืจื” ืชื—ืชื™ื” ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืœืฆื“ ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืจื—ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”: ืœื•ืง ืกืงืกื™ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช

ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื’ื’ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช 50, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืœื™ืื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ ืžื•ืฉืœื. ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืฉื” ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืฉืžืœืช ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜ื™ ืขื ื”ื“ืคืก ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื’ื–ืจื” ืžื—ืžื™ืื”, ื•ื—ืชืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืงืœื™ืื•ืคื˜ืจื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”

ื‘ืกื•ืคืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืชื ื” ื“ื ื™ืืœื” ื“ื•ืืง ืขื ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืขืœืชื” ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉื, ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื”ื›ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื›ืœื” ืฉื ืชืคืจื• ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืกื™ื›ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื•. ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื”

ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืขืœ ื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื”ื•-ืฉื™ืง ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™, ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืชื ื—ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืื‘ื™ื‘, ืœืงื™ืฅ ื•ื’ื ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘. ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืš, ื›ื™ ื›ื™ืฃ ืื™ืชื• ืžืžืฉ: ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ืฉืžื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืœืชื—ื” ื•ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืชื›ืœืช ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”