ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”

ื›ืฉืืœื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ืฉ ื•ืœื“ื•ื’ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืืจื–ื” ืื™ืชื”. ื’ื ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืœืชื—ื” ืฉืœื” ืœื ืื›ื–ื‘ื•, ื•ื›ืœืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืžืฉื’ืขื•ืช ื•ืฉื ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืค ื•ื—ืฆืื™ืช

ืจื’ืข ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื ื• ืฉืกืคื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ืกืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืชืžืกืจื• ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ", ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื•ืœื ืžืขื˜. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืง ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืคืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจื” ืชืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืื™ื‘ื™ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืชืžื™ื“ โ€“ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ื” ืื™ืชื” ื”ื ื”ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ื ืืœื™ื™ื. ืคื™ื ืก ืขืจื‘ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื ืžื•ืš ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื• ืžื™ื• ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืกืจื•ื’ ื ื•ืขื– ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืื‘ื. ืชื•ื“ื• ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”

ื”ื•ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืช ื”-16 ื•ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืช ื”-12 ืœื™ื•ื• ืืช ื’'ืกื™ืงื” ืืœื‘ื” ืœืคืจืžื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ืฉื• ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืžืŸ ืœื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“. ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื ืชื™

ื‘ืจ ืžืจื•ื, ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ "ื‘ืจื ื“ื”", ื™ืฆืื” ืœื ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ืก ื•ืืจื–ื” ืืช ืžืœืชื—ืช ื”ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช. ื—ืฆืื™ื•ืช ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื ืฉืคื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ โ€“ ืžืชื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ืœืคืขื•ื˜ื” ืฉื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืคืงื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ืกืงืกื™, ื•ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืงืกืืก โ€“ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืคื•. ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืฉื” ืžื—ื•ืš ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื•ื’'ื™ื ืก ืขื ืงืจืขื™ื, ืฉื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช. ืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช

ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงืคืฆื” ืœืื™ื‘ื™ื–ื”, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืžื•ืชื’ ืžืฉืงืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื”, ืขื•ืžืจ ืื“ื. ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืจื” ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื’ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืจืจืช โ€“ ืจื ื•ืืจ, ื•ืœื‘ืฉื” ืกื˜ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฆืžื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืงืฉื•ื— ืฉืœื”

ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื ืชื‘ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื˜ื‘ ืžืื’ืฃ ื”ืœื ื–'ืจื™, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืœื˜ื•ืค. ืชืฉืžื—ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืคื•ื™

ืื—ืจื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื” ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื›ื ืกื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืฅ ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื (ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘"ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื"), ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื”ื˜

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื•ืคื ืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ืขื ืฉืžืœืช ืกื˜ืจืคืœืก ืฉืงื•ืคื” ืžืขื•ื˜ืจืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ื. ืœืžื—ื•ืš ื”ืžืืชื’ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ื›ืš โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื‘ื“ ื”ืจืฉืช ืฉืขื˜ืฃ ืืช ืคื ื™ื”

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช, ื•ื’ืจืžื” ืœืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืœื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ืžื ื” ื›ืžื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ื, ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจืช Y2K ื•ื˜ื•ืค ืกืจื•ื’ ืžื—ืžื™ื. ืœื›ืจื˜ืก ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”

ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขืœ, ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืืฅ' ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ - ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืขื’ืœืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืฉื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”

ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืงืจืกื™ื“ื” ืงืื•ืคืจ ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืชื”ื“ืจืช ื‘ืชืกืจื•ืงื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืฉืžื’ืœืžืช ืื•ืชื” - ื’'ืกื™ืงื” ืžื“ืกืŸ - ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืกืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื. ื”ื‘ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืคืกืคืก ืื•ืชื”

ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืงื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื™ื ื‘ ื›ืคื™ืจ ื•ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืชืื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืžืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืœืชื—ืช ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”. ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืž"ื—ืชื•ื ืžื™", ืžื•ืจ ืจื“ืžื™ - ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื” ืœื ืงื˜ื ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื›ื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืงืจื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœื›ืœ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžื”ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ. ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืคืฉืชืŸ, ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช - ืžืžื™ ื ื™ืงื— ื”ืฉืจืื” ืื ืœื ืžืžื ื”?