ืจืืฉื™ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ืื

ื‘ืชื ื‘ืช ื”-15 ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืงื”ืื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ื›ื™ื•ืจืฉืช ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ืคืขื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืงื•ืœืจ ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ื ืฉืืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืกืœื™ืค ืขื ืคืจื ื–ื™ื ื•ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœื™ื

ื‘-1997 ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืฉื ื›ืžืฉืคื—ื” โ€“ ื™ืคื™ื, ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื™ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžืชืžื™ื“

ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืขื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™-ืขืœ ืžืจื™ืžื” ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ืชื—ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ืื ืฉื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืช 38 ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืจืฉืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื›ืžื” ืžืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืกื˜ ื’'ื™ื ืก ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื ืœืคื ื˜ื– ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืกื•ื•ื˜ืฉื™ืจื˜ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื”ื›ืœ

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื” ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืืช ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ืื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”: ื‘ืชื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ืง ืžื•ืชื’ ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืฉืœื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืคืจืกืžื” ื ื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืคืœืฅ ื‘ืงื”ืื, ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื”ืื, ื”ื™ื ืžืชืขื“ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ื’ืจื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื ืขืœื™ ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉื™ื“ื™ื” ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื”. ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืงืฆืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘?

ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื”ืื ื™ืฆืจ ืกืขืจื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ืฉื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืชืง ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื•ื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ืช ืœืืฉืชื•. ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื•ืง ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืกืคื™ื™ืก ื’ื™ืจืœื– ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื ืงื– ืœืืžื

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ืื ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ ืจืžื–ื™, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืฃ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืจืžื–ื™, ื•ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืฉื“ืจ ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืžืกืื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืจื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”, ืžื” ืฉื’ืจืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช. ืื™ืŸ ืจื’ืข ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื–ื•

ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืงื”ืื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืคืขื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื•ื– ื‘ืงื”ืื ื‘ืŸ ื”- 20 ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืขื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ื’'ืงื™ ืืคื•ืกื˜ืœ ื‘ืช ื”- 29. ืื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉืื™ืžื ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืชื›ืขืก, ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืืคื•ืกื˜ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™

ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ืื ื‘ื• ืœื‘ืฉื” ืืžื” ื‘ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืกืคื™ื™ืก ื’ื™ืจืœ ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื ืื•ืชื” ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืคืขื ืขื ืกื˜ ืกืจื•ื’ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื ืช, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืจื™ื’ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื’ืœ ื•ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘

ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ืื ื”ืฉื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืกืคื™ื™ืก ื’ื™ืจืœื–: ืžืœ ืกื™, ืืžื” ื•ื’'ืจื™. ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืจืื• ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืงื”ืื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืœื ืœืœื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ

ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ืžื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื ืกื™ื›ืช ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื—ื’ื’ื” ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื”. ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืก ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื - ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื˜ื” ืฉืžืœื” ืื—ืช ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื”

ื ืกื™ื›ืช ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืก ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืคืจืก ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช, ื•ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”: ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ืื, ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง ื–ื™ืช ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ ื•ืžื—ืžื™ื. ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืขื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืžืขืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ

ื’'ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืช'ืจื•, ืžื”ืจื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉืงื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืืงืก ืฉืœ ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ืื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื” ืœื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื• โ€“ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื ื™ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื. ื‘ืœื•ื ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ื›ืฉื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ืื ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืœื” ืฉืžืœื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื•ื

ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืžืขื™ืœ ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ, ื•ื’ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืžืจืื” ืกื•ืคืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจื” ืขื ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ืžืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืคืš ืืงืกื˜ืจื” ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ืื ื•ืคื™ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืœื•, ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืคื™ืช ืœืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื

ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื˜ืงืก "ืืฉืช ื”ืฉื ื”" ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคืจ'ืก ื‘ืื–ืืจ, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื” ืืช ืคืจืก ื™ื–ืžืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ืื—ืจืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื” ื”ืžืชื•ืงื”. ื”ืื ืœื‘ืฉื” ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื–ื•ื”ืจืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืจืคืจ ืกื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืกืœื™ืค ืขื“ื™ื ื” โ€“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ