ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืขื ืืžื ืื™ืœื ื™ืช: ืืœื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™

ืžื•ื ื™ืงื” ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ืื™ืชื” ืจื•ืžืŸ. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 53, ื”ื™ื ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ืช ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•, ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉื• ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘

ื‘ืฉื™ืขืจ ืืกื•ืฃ ืื• ืคื–ื•ืจ, ืงืฉืช ื”ื–ื™ื’ื–ื’ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื˜ืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืžื™ื• ืžื™ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืื•ื‘, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืงื•ืคืฆื ื™ ืฉื ืœื•ื•ื” ืœืชื•ืคืขื”

ื™ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืกื™ืคืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื ื” ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช. ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื–ืจื” ื’ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ืคืฆืฆืชื™", ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ืคืข ืื ื“ืจ-ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฉืœื

ื›ืœ ื”ืกืœื‘ืก ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉืคื™ืฅ. ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืจืืฉ ืฉื“ืจืก-ืงื•ื“ ื•ืจื•ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื”. ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืจื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืœื” ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืฉื• ื•ืจื•ื“ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืžืฉื’ืขื•ืช

ื”ื ื•ืกืขืช ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืคืขื ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืืงืกื˜ืจื” ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ืช ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืฉื ื‘ื™ืœืชื” ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช. ืื– ื”ื™ืขื“ ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืืžื ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืคืชืขื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื•ื’ืจืœ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื ื’ื™ืฉ

ื”ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืื•ืจ ืฉืคื™ืฅ ื”ืชื—ืชื ื” ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืžืœืืช ืกืœื‘ืก. ืฉืžืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื™ืชื” ืฉื™ืง ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ืจื”, ื›ืชืคื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืง ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื. ืžื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ืฉืฉืคื™ืฅ ืืคืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”

ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข, ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ืœื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืืงืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชื•ื— ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ืืžืค ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจืžื™ ืฉืœื”: ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื“ืจืช ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื’ื™ืฉื”, ื•ืื•ืคื ื” ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช ืืš ืœื ืžื ืงืจืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื - ืžืฉืžืœืช ืžืฉื™ ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืงืœืืกื™, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ

ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื“ืŸ ืคื™ื ืก ืฉืžืฆืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกืขืจื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื” ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœื”. ืขื“ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืกื˜ ืชื•ืื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื›ื ืกื™ ืงืคืจื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื™ืื•ื ื™ ื—ื–ืง. ืืช ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ืจืงื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื ืขืœื™ ืืฆื‘ืข. ื›ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชืœื‘ืฉืช ืžืœื›ืช Y2K ืืžื™ืชื™ืช

ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื, ืชืฉื™ืง ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”. ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืื™ืคื•ืจ, ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื•ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ื– ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 19-149 ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื

ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื” "ื›ืฉื”ื’ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื–ืงื™ื" ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคืจืžื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื“ื ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœื‘ืฉื” ืกื˜ืจืคืœืก ื-ืœื” ืงืจื“ืฉื™ืืŸ, ืžื™ื” ืžื™ื ืฅ ื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช ื•ืžื™ืฉืœ ืคืจื• ื”ืจืืชื” ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ. ืชืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืชืื”ื‘

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœ ืงืคืฆื” ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ื”-24 ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ื™ืคืจื ื“ ืขืžื™ืช ืืœืžืงื™ื™ืก ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืžื—ืจืคืŸ, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืจื–ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื. ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืžื•ืฉืœื ื•ืกื˜ ืžืชื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ื•ืฉื•ืจื˜ืก, ื‘ืœื˜ื” ืฉืžืœื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืืงืกื˜ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื™ืช

ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื, ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“. ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืข ืขื ืฉืžืœืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงื”, ื ืขืœื™ ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื”. ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืœื•ืง ืงื™ืฆื™ ื•ื™ืคื” ืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืจื’ืข ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™-ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช

ืงืฆืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืจ ืื“ื ื•ืกืฉื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•, ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื’ืžืจืช. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื• ืงืœื™ืœ ืืš ืžื•ืงืคื“, ืฉื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื™ื•ืช. ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจ

ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื” ื“ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืžืชื•ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืฉ. ื“ื“ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคืงื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžืœืช ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ืชื ื”, ืขืคื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืžืœืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉื”ืจืืชื” ืื“ื•ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื•ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง, ืฉืžืœืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื ืœื ื• ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ื‘ืื”

ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื” ื“ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืžืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘: ืืœืžื– ืœื‘ืฉื” ืžื—ื•ืš ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™, ื™ื•ืœืŸ ื“ื’ืžื ื” ืฉืžืœืช ืกื˜ืจืคืœืก ืžืชื•ืงื”, ืขื“ื™ ืžืฆืื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ืก ืฉืœื” ื‘ื–ืืจื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžืœื” ืขื ื’ื™ืžื•ืจื™ ืชื—ืจื”. ืื•ืจื—ืช ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก: ืื ื” ื–ืง, ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ื” ืืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืื˜-ืืื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”