ืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื›ืชื ื•: ื”ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื—ื“

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืœื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”. ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขืจื›ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ ื™ื ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ืœืฆ'ื” ื•ื’ื‘ืื ื”, ื˜ื•ืค ืงืฉื™ืจื” ืงืœื™ืœ ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืฉื•ืจื˜ืก ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ืก. ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจืงืขื™ื, ืื– ื›ื›ื”

ืกื•ืœืœืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืคืงื“ื” ืืช ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื”ื ื—ืฉืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื’ืžืจืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืœื˜ื” ืžืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืจืœื™ื– ืช'ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ื’ื’ื” 50. ื‘ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืžื™ื ื™, ื‘ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื™ ื‘ืื” ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื

ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื”ืžืœืชื—ื” ื”ืžืž"ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื” ืงืœืฃ ืžื ืฆื—: ื‘ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืกื˜ืจืคืœืก ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืื” ืœืžื“ื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ ืœ"ืฆื™ืฆื™ ื”ื ืงื”")

ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ื ื’ ืืคื•ืจ, ืงืจื“ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ืงื™ ื•ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช - ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืช ืืœื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืกืชื, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ืื‘ื™ืกืจื•ืจ ื™ืฆืื” ืœื”ืชืื•ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืขื ืงืคื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™-ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ืžื—ื“ื“ ืœื ื• ืงืฆืช ืืช ืื™ืš ืฉื‘ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื’ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช

ืœืงืœืจ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื - ื•ื’ื ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื™ื, ืื ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื ื• - ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืคืชืขื ื• ืžื”ืคืืจ ื•ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื” ืกื™ื™ื ื˜-ืžืœื•. ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืฉืžืœืช ืงื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื”, ืคืจืืจื™ ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื›ืœื‘ ืžื•ืฉืœื. ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืืกืงืคื™ื–ื?

ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• โ€“ ืžื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืงืœื™ืœื” ื•ื›ื™ืคื™ืช. ื”ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ ื”ืžืชืงืชืง ืฉืœื” ื›ืœืœ ื—ืฆืื™ืช ื‘ืžืจืื” ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’', ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืชืืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ื•ื— ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืฆืœื ื•

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืคืจืกืžื” ื ื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืคืœืฅ ื‘ืงื”ืื, ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื”ืื, ื”ื™ื ืžืชืขื“ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ื’ืจื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื ืขืœื™ ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉื™ื“ื™ื” ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื”. ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืงืฆืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘?

ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืืฆืœ ืคืœื•ืจื ืก ื”ืื ื˜, ืฉืžื’ืœืžืช ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืช' ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก. ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12 ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื โ€“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 19 โ€“ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื” ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ืœื ืคืœื ืฉื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื’ืจื™ืจื”, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”

ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื”ืœื‘ืฉื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืงื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคืง ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืคืขื ืกื•ื•ื™ื ื™ ืžื“ื’ืžื ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื• "ืชืขืฉื™ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชืš ืขืจื•ืžื”". ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื˜ื•ืคื™ื, ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ ืื—ื“ ืืงืกื˜ืจื” ืจื•ืชื—

ืงืœื™ ืื•ืกื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื›ื™ื›ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืก, ื‘ื• ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืคืจืก ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื•ื— โ€“ ืื•ื–ื™. ืื•ืกื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคื” ื•ื—ื˜ืคื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื”. ืงืœื™ ืœื ื ืฉืืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘ื” ืคื•ืกื˜ ืžื“ื ืœื™ื‘ื”: "ืœื‘ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืœืžื˜ื”, ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื›ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื” ืœื ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ืง", ื›ืชื‘ื”

ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ืช' ืคืืœื˜ืจื• ืฉืจืคื” ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืก ืคืจืกื™ ื”ืกืื’ ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืชื—ืจื” ืขื ืžื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื’ืžืจ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื•ืง ืœื•ื”ื˜ ื•ืžื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™-ื’ื•ืชื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 53 ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ ืคืขื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืื‘ื“ ืขื’ื™ืœ ื™ืงืจ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื”. ื ืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ืกื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘

ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืฉืžื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืคืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืื•ืคื ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” โ€“ ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ื–'ืงื˜ ืฉืืจื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฆืžืจ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืื•ื‘ืจืกื™ื™ื–, ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื•ืžืœื ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-600 ืฉืงืœื™ื

ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื ื” ืœื’ื•ืฆ'ื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ืง ืžืžื–ืจื™: ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืืœ 1997 - ืขื ื›ืžื” ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ื’ืจืกื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื - ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืก ื‘ืช ื”-52 ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืฉืœืคื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ื’ื• ื”-G ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืกืงืกื™

ืื—ื“ ื”ืคื™ืฆ'ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ืช ื”-63 ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื” โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœื• ืžื™ื™ืงืื•ื‘ืจ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™. ืืช ื”ืงืืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืžืจืื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉืชืื ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืื“ื’'ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ืœื ืกืชื ื”ื™ื ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื– ื•ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืื ื• ืจื•ื ืืœื“ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฆ'ื™ ืฉื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ืžื•ื›ืจืช. ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™, ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” ืœืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื›ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช