ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช FF

ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ืœืคืกืคืก ืืช ื–ื”: ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ืžืฉื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ, ืœื•ื’ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืืฆ'ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืก ืžืขื•ื˜ืจืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช. ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื˜ืจื ื“ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ - ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ืคืชื—

ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื: ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืก ืขื•ืžืจ ืื“ื, ื™ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ืฉืžืœื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื’ืžืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ืฉืžืœืช ื›ืœื”. ืจื’ืข ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืกื˜ ืชื—ืจื” ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืฉืงื•ืฃ. ืื•ื™ ื™ืขืœื™, ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืช ืœื ื•?

ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจื“ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ ืืœื™-ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื–ื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืจื’ืข ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—. ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœื™ื” ื“ื™ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืก, ืžืฉืžืœืช ื—ื•ืคื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื” ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขืจื‘. ื’ื ืžื™ื” ืฉื, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืขื ื”ื–ื•ื’, ืกื™ืคืงื” ืžืฆื’ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืื ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืžื—ื•ืš ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืžื”ืคื ื˜ืช. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ

ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืจืจืช ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืืš ืงื™ืฆื™, ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ืกื•ืคืจ-ืฉื™ืงื™. ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื’ื ืจื•ืžื™ ืคืจื ืงืœ, ื‘ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืจ ื–ื•ืžืจ ื•ืื•ืจื™ื” ืขื–ืจืŸ โ€“ ืฉืกื™ืคืงื• ืžืฆืขื“ ืฉืœ ืžืจืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื™ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช

ืžื™ื›ืœ ืื ืกืงื™ ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืžืกืคืงืช ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื—ื’. ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–'ืงื˜ ื—ื–ื™ื™ืช ืชื—ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœื•ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื‘ืฉื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืœืš ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืฉืžืœืช ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื–ืžื ื™ืช

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื‘ื“ื•ืก, ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื ืฆืคืชื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื’ื–ืจื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื—ืฉืคื” ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžื’ื•ืคื”. ื”ืคื™ืก ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ืงื•ื ื“ื” ื’ืจืกื•ืŸ - ืื‘ืœ ืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ื—ื” ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืžืฉืœื”

ื”ืืžื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื”, ืกืคื™ืจ ืื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืจ, ื™ืฆืื” ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ืœื•ืง ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืขื ืคื ืกื™ื. ื”ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ื– ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืจื’ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ืง ืœืœื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื›ืกื•ืคื”. ืื‘ื™ืกืจื•ืจ, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื›ื–ื‘ื”

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืžื ืฆืœืช ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื•ื–ื•ืจืงืช ืœื ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืงื ืื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื: ื‘ื ื“ื ืช ืคื™ื™ื–ืœื™, ื’ื•ืฆ'ื™, ื“ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื™ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉ. ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืคืกื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืื•ืคื ื” ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืขืœ. ื›ื›ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ

ืงื™ื™ืกื™ ื–ืคื˜ื” ืฉืžืชืื•ืฉืฉืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืžื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ, ื™ืฆืื” ืœืžืกืข ืžื”ืคื ื˜ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ. ื–ืคื˜ื” ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืขื ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืœื•ืงื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืžื ื˜ ืขืžื•ืกื™ ืคืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื”. ืื”ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืฉืžืœืช ื”ื—ืจื“ืœ ืฉืœื‘ืฉื” ืœื“ื™ื ืจ. ื›ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ

ื‘-1997 ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืฉื ื›ืžืฉืคื—ื” โ€“ ื™ืคื™ื, ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื™ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžืชืžื™ื“

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืžืคืจื›ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘"ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื", ื“ื™ืืŸ ืขืฉืชื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื ื›ืืœื” - ื•ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ืืžื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืžืคื ืงืช. ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™, ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื ื˜ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื•ื’ื ืกื˜ ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜ื™ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“

ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ื—ืชื” ื—ื–ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืžืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ื” ื ื’ื” ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ืกื•ืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืกืจื˜ ื™ืฉืŸ - ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ื•ื–ื• ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืคืกืคืก

ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืื“ื•ื ืžื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ, ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืคื™ื™ื–ืœื™, ืœื•ืื™ ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืคืชื—ื” ืขื ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืฉืœื” ืœืฆื‘ืข ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื’'ื™ื ืก ืฉืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ื ื”

ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื” ืœื•ืงื™ื ืกืงืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื•ืžื” - ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•. ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืงืคืฆื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ื’'ื™ ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื•ื”ืืจื•ืก ื•ืืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, ื•ื“ื’ืžื ื” ืฉื ืงืœืืกื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืชื™ื ืžืฆื•ืคื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื•ืžื™ืžื•ื–ื”, ืฉื”ืœืžื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืืช ื—ืœื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื™ ื•ื”ืชื—ืจื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœื”