ืจืืฉื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ

ืžืชื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉืื ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืœ ืืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ื•ื’ื: ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืžื— ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืงื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืžื‘ืœื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื“ืฉื™ืื ื™ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ื•ืฆืจ. ืื”, ื•ืืจืœื™ื ื’ ื”ืืœืื ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืœ ืœื›ืืŸ - ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”

ืื’ื ื‘ื•ื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžื ื•ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ืื•ืชื” ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืกื‘ื ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื”ืง, ืฉื ืืกืคื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืœื•ื”ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ืขื“ ืคื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื”ืžื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืžื ื˜ ืฉื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ืง. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ื’'ื™ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”

ืกืœืข ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื•ืืจื–ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืชื—ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืœืžืื•ืจืข โ€“ ืžืœืื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืฉืงื˜ื”. ืื– ืžืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืžืœืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื•ืื™ืคื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื”?

ืืช ื”ืงืœื™ืค ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื” ืฆื™ืœืžื” ืื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ื” ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื• ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ืจืกืื™ (!), ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื ื–ื ื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืฉื: ืฉืžืœืช ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ืื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” - ืื™ืคื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื‘ื–ืžืจืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืื• ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื– ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืš? ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™? ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”

ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื•ืงืžื™ืœื” ืžืชืืจื—ื™ื ื›ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืžืœื ื™ื” ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื. ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœืคื” ืžืœื ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฉืžืœื” ื•ืจื•ื“ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ืขื ื›ืคืคื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช. ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื—ืฆืจ, ืœื‘ืฉื” ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืขื ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืชื•ืื ืฉื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ืฉื” ืื™ ืคืขื

ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื’ืœื ื• ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืขื ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืื™ื ื•. ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืฉื” ืœืคืจืžื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื–'ืงื˜ ื•ืžืชื—ืชื™ื• ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืคื™ืก ืขืฆืžืื™. ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืจืก ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื”

ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืœื™ ื™ื“ืขื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืฉืœื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ืก ื”ื–ื” โ€“ ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืจืฃ 1998 ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืื ื•, ื›ื™ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืก ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื•ืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืื•ืจื— ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืจืืŸ ื“ืจืฉืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” "ื ื ื™". ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜

ื‘ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืก ื‘ื•ืจื•ืžื™ืื•, ื ืกื™ื›ืช ืžื•ื ืงื•, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืฉืกื™ืคืงื” ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ืช ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ืืช ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฆืžื™ื“ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืžื ื˜, ืขื’ื™ืœื™ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ื•ื˜ื‘ืขืช. ื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืžื•ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžืงืœื˜

ืกื•ืœืœืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืคืงื“ื” ืืช ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื”ื ื—ืฉืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื’ืžืจืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืœื˜ื” ืžืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืจืœื™ื– ืช'ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ื’ื’ื” 50. ื‘ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืžื™ื ื™, ื‘ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื™ ื‘ืื” ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื

ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืืฆืœ ืคืœื•ืจื ืก ื”ืื ื˜, ืฉืžื’ืœืžืช ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืช' ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก. ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12 ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื โ€“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 19 โ€“ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื” ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ืœื ืคืœื ืฉื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื’ืจื™ืจื”, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”

ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ื ืคืฉื” ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืกื˜ ืžืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื–ื™ื™ืช ืงืืคื™ื, ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ื•ืฆืžื“ ื›ืคืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืชื•ืื. ืœื•ืง ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื ืขืชื™ื“ื ื™ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืคืขื. ื”ืœื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื•ื›ื™ ืืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื•ืง ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื. ืžื™ ืœื‘ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ? ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื›ืŸ

ื”ื”ืขืจืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืื—ื“ ืœืงื•ื“ืžื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื•ืคื ืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ืฉื‘ื• ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”-AI. ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื–ื ื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆืฆื”, ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ืคืคื•ืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ืจื™ื”ืื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืืžืจื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• - ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืœื” ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื’ื ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืืคื™ืง. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”

ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขืžื•ืกื” ื•ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื•ืžืœื ื™ื” ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืžืœื ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ืงื” ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”. ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืœื•ืง ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ืฉืžืชื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ื›ืื™ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื”, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืœืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ

ื‘ืจืืœืฃ ืœื•ืจืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•: ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื•ืžืจืขื ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขื ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื’ื ืœืคืจืื“ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื - ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืงืคืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœื•ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืงืืžื‘ืง ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืื“ื•ืจื”. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”

ืฆืœืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื”: ืžืœื ื™ื” ื˜ืจืืžืค ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ืŸ ืืช ืขืฅ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืจืฉืžื™. ืื™ืš ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœื—ืฆืจ, ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื? ืขื ืžืœื ื™ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ืขืœ ื•ื ืขืœื™ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืจืง ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ