ืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื›ืชื ื•: ื”ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื—ื“

ื›ืŸ, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช "ื—ืชื•ื ืžื™" ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจ ืจื“ืžื™, ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื™ืืœ ืืกืงื•ื˜ - ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื. ืื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื”ื™ื ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ืฉืžืœื” ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืกืœ, ื•ื™ืฆืื” ืœื”ืชืžื ื’ืœ ืขื ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื•ืงื™ื™ื˜

ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื›ื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ืฅ, ืกืจื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื ืกืจื•ื ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื, ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉ, ื’'ื™ื ืก ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ื—ื‘ื™ืช, ืœื™ืค ื’ืœื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง, ืชื™ืง ืงืฉ ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืœื”ื›ืœ, ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื•ืžืฉื–ืฃ ืขืฆืžื™ - ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขื•ืฉื”. ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืคื™ื ื’

ืขื ื›ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžืกื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืชื”, ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื“ื™ืืœ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืื™ ืžืคื ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื• ืื ื˜ื•ื ืœื”. ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ืจืก ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžืœืช ืขืจื‘ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจื˜ืก, ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืื• ื—ืฆืื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžื”ื–ืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ, ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื’ืข ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืงื™ืฅ - ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื“ืจื’ืช ื•ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืจื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ืžืขื˜ืคืช. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉืจืื•ืช

ืžืื™ ืชื’ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ืฉืง ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ื™, ื“ื ื” ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื™ืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ืืคืจืช ืืœืžืœื™ื— ืžื“ื’ืžื ืช ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื”. ื”ืกืœื‘ืก ืžื’ืœื•ืช ืœื ื• ืื™ืคื” ื”ืŸ ืงื•ื ื•ืช

ืžื™ ืื ืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ืช ื”ืขืœ, ื”ืื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ืชืกืคืง ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื•ืง ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื ื•ื ืฉืœื ื˜ ืžืชื•ืงืชืง ืžื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ. ื”ืคืขื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ, ืขื ื›ืคื›ืคื™ ืขืงื‘ ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืขื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืฉืขืฉืข. ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื ืชื” ืœืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืฉืฉืืœื” "ืื™ืš ืืช ื›ื›ื” ืžื˜ื•ืคื—ืช ืขื ื ื™ื•ื‘ื•ืจืŸ"?

ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืžืคืกื™, ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”-19 ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื“ืžืคืกื™ โ€“ ืœื ืฆื— ื“"ืจ ืžืง'ื“ืจื™ืžื™ ืž"ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื™", ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืคื ื” ื›ืจื’ืข. ืกืืœื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืช ืื•ืคื ื” ืžืกืงืจื ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืžืช ืžื•ืชื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžืจืื” ื ืฉื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ื ื•ืขืœ ื ืขืœื™ ืขืงื‘. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช

ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคืฆื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ืขื“ ื—ืœื•ืžื™ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ, ืœืฆื“ ืื™ื–ื” "ื•ื•ืœื ืก" ืžื˜ื•ืคื— ื•ื ื•ื ืฉืœื ื˜ื™, ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžื’ื•ื—ืš ืขื ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื‘ื™ืช "ื“ื” ืจื•ืื•" ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœืกืŸ: "ื›ืคื›ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ืŸ" ื‘-1500 ืฉืงืœื™ื

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื“ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืกืคืก, ืขืžื•ืกืช ืกืœื‘ืก ืœื•ื”ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืชื›ื ืก ืœืจื’ืข ื”ืืžืช - ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืกื˜ื™ื‘. ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื—ื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”, ื™ื—ืคื”, ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืฉื ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ื›ืžื• ืงืฆืฃ ื”ื’ืœื™ื, ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืืฃ ืื—ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื”

ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘. ืžืœื ื™ื” ืœื‘ืฉื” ืฉืžืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ืงืช ื’ื•ืฃ, ืื™ื•ื•ื ืงื” ื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืžื—ืžื™ืื” ืžืฉืœื”, ืืจื‘ืœื” ื ืจืืชื” ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื–ื•ื”ืจืช ื•ืงืื™ ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข (ืงืฆืช) ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™. ืฉืจืง ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื’ื•ื’

ืœื•ืจืŸ ืกื ืฆ'ื–-ื‘ื–ื•ืก ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืคืขื ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช ืฉืžืคื ื” ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื”ื™ื ื ืฆืคืชื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืื ื•, ืœืฆื“ ืชื™ืง ืงืœืืฅ' ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉืื ืœ. ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ื›ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ?

ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื–ื™ ืœื ืคื•ืกื—ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื•ืžื–ืจื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื’ื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ืงื™ืช ืฉืงืฆืช ื ื–ื ื—ื”: ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืคืชื— "ืกืงื•ืค" ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืืกื•ืฃ, ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืžืจืื” ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ (ืืœื ืื ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื ื“ืจ-ื‘ื•ื‘)

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ืก ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืœื™ื” ื ื’ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืขื ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜, ืขืจื‘ ื•ืงื–'ื•ืืœ, ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื” ืจืฆืฃ ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ืคืกืคืก ืœืจื’ืข โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื ื“ืœื™ ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“

ื ื•ื“ืœืžืŸ ื”ืขืœืชื” ืคื•ืกื˜ ืืงืกื˜ืจื”-ืžื ืงืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘"ืื™ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืฉ", ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืฉื’ืขื™ื, ื”ื™ืื›ื˜ื”, ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืจ ืขืฆืžื” - ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงืœืืกื™ ืœืžืจืื”, ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื“ื’'ื™ ื•ืžืชืขืชืข

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืคืกื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืœืœื•ืง ืขืชื™ื“ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื‘ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ื”ืจืžืก, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื›ื” ืœื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื