ืจืืฉื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืืช ืจืขื•ืช ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ

ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ืืžืœื™ื” ืกืคื ืกืจ ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื•ืจืกืืฆ'ื” ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ. ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืจื” ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช, ื›ืœืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 2.5 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืœื‘ื” ืขื ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ื•ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ืžื™ ืฆ'ื•. "ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืช ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื• ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ืชื™"

ืœื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ืื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืžืœืช ืžื™ื ื™ ืงืฆืจื” ืขื ืจืฉืช ืžื˜ืืœื™ืช ืจืงื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 54. ืื“ื ืกื ื“ืœืจ, ืฉืžื›ื›ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜, ื”ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื’ืžืจื™

ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœื• ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืฉื” ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–'ืงื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืจืก ืฉืœ ื–ืืจื” ื•ืขื ื“ื” ืขื’ื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื ืขื•ืžื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืงืœื™ื. ืžืงืจื™? ืžืžืฉ ืœื

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ืฉ ื ื’ื“ ืื‘ื™ื”, ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืค, ืื™ื•ื•ื ืงื” ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœืฉื“ืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžืœืช ืžืงืกื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืชื›ืœืช ืขื ืžื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืงื“ืžื™. ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืื’ื‘ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™

ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืืœื ืžืคื™ืงื” ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืชื•ืงืฉืจืช ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืงืœืื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉื™ืคืจ. ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืœืžื” ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉืื ืœ ื•ื”ื’ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื”, ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืืจืœ ืœื’ืจืคืœื“ ื•ื ืœื‘ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืจ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”

ื”ืžื•ืชื’ staud ื”ืฉื™ืง ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืžืœื•ืช, ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื. ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื—ืชื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืžืœื•ืช ื›ืœื” ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ื™ื™ื - ืขื“ 1800 ืฉืงืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืœื”. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืคื” ื‘ืืจืฅ

ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืขื ืจืฉืช ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืก ื”ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜ื™-ืกื‘ื ื˜ื™ื–ื™-ืกืงืกื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ื•, ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข, ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืชื•ื›ืœื ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืžืฉืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืงืจื•ื‘. ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื–ื”

ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืคืื•ืœื™ื ื” ืคื•ืจื™ืฆืงื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื— ื‘ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ื•ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื” : "ื›ื›ื” 'ื›ืžืขื˜ 58' ื ืจืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™". "ืืช ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืจืื” ืฉืœืš", ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื” ื™ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื ืชื” ื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื”

ื ืขืžื™ ืงืžืคื‘ืœ ื”ืขืœืชื” ืคื•ืกื˜ ืžื”ืืคื˜ืจ-ืคืืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืก ื”ืื•ืกืงืจ, ื•ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืฉืœื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืœืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืืฆืœื”. "ืื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช-ืขืœ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื—ืฅ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืื– ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืš ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื"

ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ "ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”" ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื–, ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืื ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืื ื• ืจื•ื ืืœื“ื•, ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœื—ืžื ืžื ื•ืขื™ื. ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื’ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืœืžื” ืขื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจืืฉ, ืฉืžืœืช ืžื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืจื•ืœืงืก ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื”

ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื”, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš "ืื•ืœืคืœืงืก", ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ืžืžืฉื™ ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ืœืงืจืงืคืช. "ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืฅ", ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžื•ืชื’, "ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืš"

ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืื’ื ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืœื“ืคื•ืง ื”ื•ืคืขื”. ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืก ื”ืื•ืกืงืจ ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืฉืขืœืชื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืงืืค ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื’'ื™ื ืก ืงืจื•ืข ื•ืกื ื™ืงืจืก. ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืงืกื™ื ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ืจืคื ื• ืžืคืจื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืคืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื˜ื’ื” ื•ื ื˜ื”, ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื - ืžื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืงืœืืฅ' ื”ืงื•ืคืกืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื’. ืื– ื›ืžื” ื™ืขืœื” ืœื›ืŸ ืชื™ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“

ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžืช ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื“ื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื•ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ืฉื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœื ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื• ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื‘ื. ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืฉื” ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจืืฉ. ื•ืžื™ื™ื’ืŸ? ืžื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืขื ืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืื ืœ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž- 20 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœื™ื

ื’'ืก ื”ืื ื˜ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ืชื” ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืกื•ืคืจ-ืกืงืกื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืขื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช. ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช