ืจืืฉื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืืช ืจืขื•ืช ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ

ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื”ืฉืงื˜ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงืืœื” โ€“ ืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืขื ื’ื™ืžื™ืงื™ื ืžืฉืžื—ื™ื. ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืื ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืชืžื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืžื—ืง ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ืžื”ืคื ื™ื

ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื•ืจื“ื• ื—ืžื™ื ื•ืขืžื•ืง, ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื”, ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื—ืžื™ืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื ืกื™ื›ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื”ืกืงื™ื ื™. ืขืคื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืง ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืื—ืจ

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ืคื• ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืขื ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช, ืžืกืชืžืŸ ืฉืžื™ื• ืžื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ - ื”ืคืขื ืขื ืกืœื™ื ื’ื‘ืง ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื“ืงื™ืงื•ืช, ืฉืžืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข. ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ ืขื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-5,000 ืฉืงืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืฅ

ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืื ื™ื” ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ-ื’'ื•ื™, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” "ื’ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืžืœื›ื”", ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืฉืžืœืช ื”ื›ืœื” ืฉืœื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืขื“ ืžืื“. ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ื‘ื•ื ืฆื™ื”

ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืœืชื—ื”. ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช

ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืžืงื“ืžืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ "ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ" ื•ืืช ืžื•ืชื’ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ืื•ืคื ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื”. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื’'ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื•ืžืกืคืจืช ืžื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ

ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื•ื ื–ื•ืœื’ืช ืžื˜ื” ื•ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืจื™ืฆ'ื™ ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ืขื ืฉืžืœืช ืขืจื‘ ื™ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื™ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื ื”ื“ืจ ืขื ื˜ื™-ืฉื™ืจื˜ ื•ื’'ื™ื ืก ืจืคื•ื™

ืžืืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืžืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืื•ืคื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื›ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช-ืขืœ, ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืงื™ื™ื” ื•ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื’ื ื”ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืžืžื™ื

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืฆืžื“ืช ืœื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืชื•ืืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืื—ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืงืืžืœ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”. ื—ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืื™ืžืฆื” ืžืจืื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘-1997, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื˜ืจื™ืง ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืฉื™ื“ืจื’ ืื•ืชื•

ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืชื—ืจื” ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœืก, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื•ืŸ - ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืžืกืžื ืช ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืกืงืกื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืžื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืคื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชืขืœื. ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช

ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช - ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื˜ ืžื ืฆื— ื•ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”. ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื‘ ื›ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข, ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืฉืžื— ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ

ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงืฉื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื˜ืจื ื“ ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ื’ื™ืจืœื– ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืื ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืงื™ืŸ ืจืง ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื” ืขื "ืคื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืจืงื™ืŸ" ืื™ืงื•ื ื™: ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืจืš ื•ืžืจื•ืฉืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืชืชืคืœืื• - ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื—ืœืง

ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืžื™ืœื™ ืœื•ื ืฅ ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉืื˜ื• ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฆืจืคืช, ื•ื›ืœืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื: ืืช ืฉืžืœืช ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื•ืชื’ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงื™, ื•ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' ืžืฉื’ืขื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื”

ื’ื ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืชืœืช ืžืžื“ื™ื™ื ืœื ื—ืžืง ืžืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื˜ื•ืค ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื’'ื™ื ืก ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืื• ื—ืœืง ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืจ, ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ื“ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ืฉืœื ื•

ื˜ืจื ื“ ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืื˜ ืื˜ ื’ื ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฆืœ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ืื™ืš ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื’'ื™ื ืก ืื• ื—ืฆืื™ืช, ืžืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ืฉื” ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ื–ื”