ืžืคืจื™ื– ืชืฆื ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”

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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื’ื–ืจื”. ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ 2012 ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืคืŸ ืจื•ื ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื– | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

"ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื›ืคืจโ€ซ, ืืš ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”โ€ซ", ืืžืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื–'ืืŸ ื–'ืืง ืจื•ืกื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ื’โ€ซ, ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืื—ืจืชโ€ซ, ืืš ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”โ€ซ. ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื ืคืชื— ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืชโ€ซ, ื•ื›ื”ืฆื“ืขื” ืœืชืจื•ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ืโ€ซ, ืงื™ื‘ืฆื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื”โ€ซ, ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชื‘ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืžื˜ืื•ืชื™ื”โ€ซ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช.

1672 | ื”ืžืฆืืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื”
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1672 ื–'ืืŸ ื“ื•ื ื• ื“ื” ื•ื™ื–ื” (Jean Donneau de Visรฉ) ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ "ืžืจืงื•ืจ ื’ืืœืื ื˜". ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื“ื” ื•ื™ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช "ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”" ื•ื‘ืื™ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉื ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”.

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ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื•ื•ื’ ืคืจื™ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืื™ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื ื” ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

1681 | ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืคืื•ืช
ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉืœืžืœืš ืœื•ืื™ ื”-14 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืขืžืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”, ืืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 38 ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชืงืจื—ื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืคืื” ืžืชื•ืœืชืœืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขื˜ืจื” ืœื™ื•ืฉื ื”. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืจืฆื• ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ืžืœื›ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืคืื•ืช ืžืชื•ืœืชืœื•ืช ืขืœื”. ืžื™ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ืคืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืื– ื›ืื•ืžืจ โ€ซ"ืื’ืœื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ ืžืขืœืชื•".

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ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืจื—. ืœื•ืื™ ื”-14 ื•ื”ืคืื” | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

1858 | ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
ืฉืืจืœ ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื•ื•ืจืช', ืžื”ื’ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืฆื‘ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื”, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื—ื™ื™ื˜. ื‘-1858, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 33, ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื•ืจืช' ืขืกืง ืžืฉืœื• ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืœืขื“ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ื•ื˜ืขืžื•, ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืืช ืฆืœืœื™ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืคื— ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ. ื‘-Rue de la Paix, ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ ืื•ืคืจื” ื’ืจื ื™ื™ื”, ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื’ื“ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืžืชืคืจืชื•. ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1900, ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื– 20 ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื“ืœ.

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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”. ืฉืืจืœ ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื•ื•ืจืช' | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

1858 | ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
ืžืืจื™ ื•ืจื ื” ื•ื•ืจืช', ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืืจืœ ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืžื•ื—ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืขื“ ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ ืื• ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื“ืจืš ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื‘ื• ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ืงืจื ืื– ื•ื•ืจืช' "ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื”", ื•ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ: ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื”.

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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื‘ืฉื• ื•ืœื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•. ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืจื™ ื•ืจื ื” ื•ื•ืจืช' | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

1947 | ื”"ื ื™ื•-ืœื•ืง" ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื– ื ืกื’ืจื• ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื“ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘. ืžื”ื•ื•ืืงื•ื ืฆืžื— ื•ืขืœื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ื‘-12 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1947, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืื•ืคื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืื‘ื™ื‘-ืงื™ืฅ 1947. ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” – ื—ืฆืื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื‘ื—ืฆืื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื• ื–'ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืื’ืŸ ื—ื–ื” ืจื—ื‘. ืขื•ืจื›ืช "ื”ืืจืคืจ'ืก ื‘ืื–ืืจ", ื›ืจืžืœ ืกื ื•ืื•, ืชื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื ื™ื• ืœื•ืง", ื›ืฉืงืจืื” ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช "ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื“ืฉื ื™!", ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.

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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื– ื”ืžื ื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”. ื”ื—ืฆืื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืจ | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

1967 | ืžื›ื ืกื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ ืกืืŸ ืœื•ืจืŸ
"ืฉืื ืœ ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืื™ื‘ ืกืŸ ืœื•ืจืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื›ื•ื—", ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืคื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื–'ื” ืฉื•ืชืคื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ ืกืŸ ืœื•ืจืŸ. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื“ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•, ืื™ื‘ ืกืŸ ืœื•ืจืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืคื ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘-1967, ืขื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ.

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ืžืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืš. ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ ืกืŸ ืœื•ืจืŸ | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

2011 | ื”ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ืžืขืฆื‘
ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21, ืคืจื™ื– ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจืช ืื•ืคื ื” ืขื ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ืœืื ื• ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืกืŸ ืคืื•ืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช. ื”ืกืงื ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื“ืขื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืจืง ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืก ื”ืฉื ื”. ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื” ืœืœื ืžืขืฆื‘. ื’'ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืื ื•, ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื“ื— ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืื•ืจืข, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืขืœื• ืœื‘ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื”ืชื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืคืจื•ืช, "ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช" ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื.

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ื›ืฉืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืจืืฉื™. ื’ืœื™ืื ื• ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื‘-2008 | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก