ื’ื ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื”: ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืกื™ื›ื”

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ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืงื˜ืŸ | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

ื”ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉืžืœืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืฉืžืœืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืœื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืžืจืื” ื”ืงื–'ื•ืืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” โ€“ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ื•ืœืข ื‘ืฉืงื™ืงื” ื›ืœ ืœื•ืง ืžืืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ.ื˜ืงืก ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื•. ืงื”ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ื™ื›ื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืชื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ืช (31) ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื˜ืงืก ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืืžืฉ ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”, ื‘ื—ืจื” ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ.

ืฉืžืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘ ืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืขื ืจืืคืœืก ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ืืš ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ืงืœืืกื™. ื”ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ, ืขื’ื™ืœื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงื™ืงื™ ืžืงื“ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ื•ื ืขืœื™ ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื ื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœ LK Bennet, ืžื•ืชื’ ืื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ืช.

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ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

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ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ ืฉืฉื‘ื” ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™, ืขื ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืงืจื™ืคื™ ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืžืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืœื ืกื™ืš, ืื’ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืื•ืคื ื” ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืื– ืžื” ืื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื? ืื ื’'ืœื” ืงืœื™, ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื›ืจืคืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1841 ื‘ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.

ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ืคืš ืžืื– ืœืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž"ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”", ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• "ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื". ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื˜ืฃ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืœื•ื›ื” (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื) ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืชื. ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื , 170 ืฉื ื” ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื” ืื ื’'ืœื” ืงืœื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœื• – ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ ืžืฉื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืชื—ืจื”.

ื‘ืœ ื ืฉื›ื— ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ืช, ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืคืจื™ื ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื, ืฉื ืจืื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืขื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื.ย ื›ื ืจืื”ย ืฉื‘ื”ื–ืžื ื”ย ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื“ืจืก ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื ืช ื•ื ื™ื™ื‘ื™, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื, ืื—ืจืช ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืชย ื”ืืื•ื˜ืคื™ื˜ื™ืย ื”ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืžื™ืœื” ืคืจืงืจ, ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื•ืคื™ืคื” ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงย ื›ืžื•ย ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืชย ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช. ืงืจื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœ, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืžืขื™ืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืžืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช' ืขื ืฉืคืจื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืชื›ืœืช.

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ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืื•ืฉืจืช | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ืคื™ืคื” ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉืžืืœ: ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื•ืงืžื™ืœื” ืคืจืงืจ | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

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ืงืจื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก

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ื”ืจื™ืขื• ืœืžืœื›ื” | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก